AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900
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| 8514580208 | Nation's First Big Business | Railroads-nationwide market for goods. Encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. |  | 0 |
| 8514580209 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | Merged local railroads into the NY Entral Railroad, which ran from NYC to Chicago. |  | 1 |
| 8514580210 | Eastern Trunk Lines | Early days of the railroads (1830s-1860s), railroad lines in east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. |  | 2 |
| 8514580211 | Transcontinental Railroads | During Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the 1st transcontinenal railroad. 2 new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. |  | 3 |
| 8514580212 | Union Pacific and Central Pacific | 2 railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869 to create the 1st transcontinental railroad. Golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. |  | 4 |
| 8514580213 | American Railroad Association | 1883-organization that divided the country into 4 dif. time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. |  | 5 |
| 8514580214 | Railroads and Time Zones | US was divided into 4 time zones by the railroad. | | 6 |
| 8514580215 | Speculation and Overbuilding | 1870s + 1880s-railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. | | 7 |
| 8514580216 | Jay Gould, Watering Stock | Entered railroad business for quick profits. Would sell off assets to inflate value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. |  | 8 |
| 8514580217 | Rebates and Pools | In scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. Also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. |  | 9 |
| 8514580218 | Bankruptcy of Railroads | Financial panic in 1893 forced 1/4 of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan + other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. |  | 10 |
| 8514580219 | Panic of 1893 | 1893-financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. |  | 11 |
| 8514580220 | Causes of Industrial Growth | After Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" b/c of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. |  | 12 |
| 8514580221 | Andrew Carnegie | Scottish emigrant, worked his way up on the railroad, in 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. Carnegie Steel became world's largest steel company. |  | 13 |
| 8514580222 | Vertical Integration | Business strategy by which a company would control all aspects (stages) of a product from mining raw materials to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie for Carnegie Steel. |  | 14 |
| 8514580223 | U.S. Steel | 1900-Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than 3/5 of the nation's steel business. |  | 15 |
| 8514580224 | John D. Rockefeller | Started Standard Oil in 1863. 1881-Standard Oil Trust controlled 90% of oil refinery business. Companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. |  | 16 |
| 8514580225 | Horizontal Integration | Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. |  | 17 |
| 8514580226 | Standard Oil Trust | 1881-John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90% of oil refinery business in the US. |  | 18 |
| 8514580227 | Interlocking Directorates | Term for the same directors running competing companies. |  | 19 |
| 8514580228 | J. P. Morgan | Banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. |  | 20 |
| 8514580229 | Leading Industrial Power | 1900-the US was leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than any of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. |  | 21 |
| 8514580230 | Second Industrial Revolution | Term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. Early part of 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the 1st part of this revolution. After Civil War, this 2nd revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. |  | 22 |
| 8514580231 | Bessemer process | 1850s-Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. |  | 23 |
| 8514580232 | Transatlantic Cable | 1866-Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. |  | 24 |
| 8514580233 | Alexander Graham Bell | 1876-invented the telephone. |  | 25 |
| 8514580234 | Thomas Edison | Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. Established the 1st modern research laboratory, which produced more than a 1,000 patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. |  | 26 |
| 8514580235 | Menlo Park Research Lab | 1st modern research lab. created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. |  | 27 |
| 8514580236 | Electric Power, Lighting | 1885-George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. |  | 28 |
| 8514580237 | George Westinghouse | Held more than 400 patents. Invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrical power system. |  | 29 |
| 8514580238 | Eastman's Kodak camera | 1888-he invented the camera. |  | 30 |
| 8514580239 | Large Department Stores | R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. |  | 31 |
| 8514580240 | R.H. Macy | Created a New York department store. |  | 32 |
| 8514580241 | Mail-Order Companies | 2 companies-Sears Roebuck + Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. |  | 33 |
| 8514580242 | Sears-Roebuck | Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. |  | 34 |
| 8514580243 | Packaged Foods | Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. |  | 35 |
| 8514580244 | Refrigeration; Canning | These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. |  | 36 |
| 8514580245 | Gustavus Swift | Changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. |  | 37 |
| 8514580246 | Advertising | New technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. |  | 38 |
| 8514580247 | Consumer Economy | Advertising and new marketing techniques created a new economy. |  | 39 |
| 8514580248 | Federal Land Grants and Loans | Fed. gov. provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. |  | 40 |
| 8514580249 | Fraud and Corruption, Credit Mobilier | Insiders used construction companies to bribe gov. officials and make huge profits. |  | 41 |
| 8514580250 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1886 | This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. |  | 42 |
| 8514580251 | Anti-Trust Movement | Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In 1880's trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack. 1890-the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. |  | 43 |
| 8514580252 | Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 | 1890-Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Dep. of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. |  | 44 |
| 8514580253 | Federal Courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight | 1895-Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. |  | 45 |
| 8514580254 | Causes of Labor Discontent | Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. |  | 46 |
| 8514580255 | Iron Law of Wages | David Ricardo developed this theory-that low wages were justified. Argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. |  | 47 |
| 8514580256 | Anti-Union Tactics | Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. |  | 48 |
| 8514580257 | Railroad Strike of 1877 | 1887-strike spread across much of the nation and shut down 2/3 of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used fed. troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. |  | 49 |
| 8514580258 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. |  | 50 |
| 8514580259 | Haymarket bombing | May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. |  | 51 |
| 8514580260 | American Federation of Labor | Labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. 1901 had one million members. |  | 52 |
| 8514580261 | Samuel Gompers | Led American Federation of Labor until 1924. |  | 53 |
| 8514580262 | Pullman Stike | 1894-workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. Fed. gov. broke the strike. |  | 54 |
| 8514580263 | Eugene Debs | American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The gov. broke the strike and he was sent to jail for 6 months. |  | 55 |
| 8514580264 | Railroad Workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans | In the construction of the 1st transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed 1,000s of war vets. and Irish immigrants. Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. |  | 56 |
| 8514580265 | Old Rich vs. New Rich | The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. |  | 57 |
| 8514580266 | White-Collar Workers | Growth of large corporation required 1,000s of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. |  | 58 |
| 8514580267 | Expanding Middle Class | Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in # of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. |  | 59 |
| 8514580268 | Factory Wage Earners | By 1900, 2/3 of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work 10 hrs/day, 6 days/week. |  | 60 |
| 8514580269 | Women and Children Factory Workers | By 1900, 20% of adult woman worked for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5% of married women worked outside the home. |  | 61 |
| 8514580270 | Women Clerical Workers | As demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. |  | 62 |
| 8514580271 | Protestant work ethic | Belief that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. |  | 63 |
| 8514580272 | Adam Smith | 1776-economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by gov., but by the "invisible hand". |  | 64 |
| 8514580273 | Laissez-Faire Capitalism | In late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no gov. intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and fed. subsidies. |  | 65 |
| 8514580274 | Concentration of Wealth | By the 1890s, the richest 10% of the U.S. population controlled 90% of the nation's wealth. |  | 66 |
| 8514580275 | Social Darwinism | Belief that government's helping poor people weaken the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. |  | 67 |
| 8514580276 | William Graham Sumner | English social philosopher, argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. |  | 68 |
| 8514580277 | Survival of the Fittest | Belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. |  | 69 |
| 8514580278 | Gospel of Wealth | Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. |  | 70 |
| 8514580279 | Horatio Alger Stories Self-Made Man | His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. |  | 71 |
