AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900
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| 8781579580 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320) | 0 | |
| 8781579582 | Union Pacific and Central Pacific | Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321) | 1 | |
| 8781579584 | railroads and time zones | The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320) | 2 | |
| 8781579586 | Jay Gould, watering stock | Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321) | 3 | |
| 8781579587 | rebates and pools | In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321) | 4 | |
| 8781579589 | Panic of 1893 | In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321) | 5 | |
| 8781579591 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323) | 6 | |
| 8781579592 | vertical integration | A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323) | 7 | |
| 8781579593 | U.S. Steel | In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323) | 8 | |
| 8781579594 | John D. Rockefeller | He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323) |  | 9 |
| 8781579595 | horizontal integration | Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323) | 10 | |
| 8781579596 | Standard Oil Trust | In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323) | 11 | |
| 8781579598 | J. P. Morgan | A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323) | 12 | |
| 8781579600 | Second Industrial Revolution | The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) | 13 | |
| 8781579601 | Bessemer process | In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323) | 14 | |
| 8781579602 | transatlantic cable | In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325) | 15 | |
| 8781579603 | Alexander Graham Bell | In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325) | 16 | |
| 8781579604 | Thomas Edison | Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326) | 17 | |
| 8781579605 | electric power, lighting | In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326) | 18 | |
| 8781579609 | packaged foods | Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326) | 19 | |
| 8781579610 | refrigeration; canning | These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326) | 20 | |
| 8781579611 | advertising | This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326) | 21 | |
| 8781579613 | federal land grants and loans | The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320) | 22 | |
| 8781579615 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1886 | This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322) | 23 | |
| 8781579617 | Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 | In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324) | 24 | |
| 8781579622 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330) | 25 | |
| 8781579623 | Haymarket bombing | On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330) | 26 | |
| 8781579624 | American Federation of Labor | The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330) | 27 | |
| 8781579625 | Pullman Stike | In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331) | 28 | |
| 8781579626 | Eugene Debs | The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331) | 29 | |
| 8781579634 | Protestant work ethic | The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325) | 30 | |
| 8781579636 | laissez-faire Capitalism | In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324) | 31 | |
| 8781579637 | concentration of wealth | By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326) | 32 | |
| 8781579638 | Social Darwinism | The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324) | 33 | |
| 8781579640 | survival of the fittest | The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324) | 34 | |
| 8781579641 | Gospel of Wealth | Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325) | 35 | |
| 8781579642 | Horatio Alger Stories self-made man | His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327) | 36 |
