AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900
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| 5388126442 | nation's first big business | Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320) | 0 | |
| 5388126443 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | He merged local railroads into the New York Entral Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320) |  | 1 |
| 5388126444 | Eastern Trunk Lines | From 1830 to 1860 railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (P. 320) | 2 | |
| 5388126445 | Transcontinental Railroads | Linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, connecting the country in a new way. It was completed in Utah in 1869. (p. 321) |  | 3 |
| 5388126446 | Union Pacific and Central Pacific | Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321) |  | 4 |
| 5388126447 | American Pacific Association | Divided the country into 4 different time zones | 5 | |
| 5388126448 | railroads and timezones | 4 timezones divided up by railroads |  | 6 |
| 5388126449 | speculation and overbuilding | Led to the panic of 1893 because people built too many railroads | 7 | |
| 5388126450 | Jay Gould, watering stock | Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321) |  | 8 |
| 5388126451 | rebates and pools | Deals were offered to big businesses by railroads but it was expensive for people to enter the ring of business. | 9 | |
| 5388126452 | bankruptcy of railroads | Too many railroads were built and weren't needed. The stock market crashed because there was no business nor money for the railroads and no one was buying the high priced stocks. | 10 | |
| 5388126453 | Panic of 1893 | Worst economic depression until the Great Depression in 1830. | 11 | |
| 5388126454 | causes of industrial growth | Raw resources, tech boom, investment in tech boom, railroads enabled business growth, social darwinism made rich people look good and be admired. | 12 | |
| 5388126455 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 322) |  | 13 |
| 5388126456 | vertical integration | A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323) | 14 | |
| 5388126457 | U.S. Steel | J. P. Morgan purchased Carnegie Steel and formed the world's largest enterprise. (p. 323) | 15 | |
| 5388126458 | John D. Rockefeller | He started Standard Oil in 1863. It became the largest oil company in the world. (p. 323) |  | 16 |
| 5388126459 | horizontal integration | Combining former competitors under one organization. (p. 323) | 17 | |
| 5388126460 | Standard Oil Trust | In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company that controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. (p. 323) |  | 18 |
| 5388126461 | interlocking directorates | 19 | ||
| 5388126462 | J. P. Morgan | Banker who bought out Carnegie Steel and turned it into U.S. Steel. Was a "Robber Baron" who helped fund the U.S. in World War I. |  | 20 |
| 5388126463 | leading industrial power | 21 | ||
| 5388126464 | Second Industrial Revolution | 22 | ||
| 5388126465 | Bessemer process |  | 23 | |
| 5388126466 | transatlantic cable | 24 | ||
| 5388126467 | Alexander Graham Bell |  | 25 | |
| 5388126468 | Thomas Edison | Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. (p. 326) |  | 26 |
| 5388126469 | Menlo Park Research Lab | The first modern research laboratory created in 1876 by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326) | 27 | |
| 5388126470 | electric power, lighting | 28 | ||
| 5388126471 | George Westinghouse | He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the powered machinery and appliances and electrical lighting. (p. 326) |  | 29 |
| 5388126472 | Eastman's Kodak's camera |  | 30 | |
| 5388126473 | large department stores | R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326) | 31 | |
| 5388126474 | R.H. Macy | Created a New York department store. (p. 326) |  | 32 |
| 5388126475 | mail-order companies | 33 | ||
| 5388126476 | Sears-Roebuck | Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. |  | 34 |
| 5388126477 | packaged foods | 35 | ||
| 5388126478 | Gustavus Swift | Changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat products. |  | 36 |
| 5388126479 | advertising | 37 | ||
| 5388126480 | consumer economy | 38 | ||
| 5388126481 | federal land grants and loans | 39 | ||
| 5388126482 | fraud and corruption | 40 | ||
| 5388126483 | Interstate commerce Act of 1886 | 41 | ||
| 5388126484 | anti-trust movement | Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. Thus arose the Anti trust movement in which urban elites were checked on their power and wealth. Started in the 1880s. | 42 | |
| 5388126485 | Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 |  | 43 | |
| 5388126486 | U.S. v. E.C. Knight | 44 | ||
| 5388126487 | causes of labor discontent | 45 | ||
| 5388126488 | Railroad strike of 1877 | 46 | ||
| 5388126489 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330) |  | 47 |
| 5388126490 | Haymarket bombing | On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330) |  | 48 |
| 5388126491 | American Federation of Labor | The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330) |  | 49 |
| 5388126492 | Samuel Gompers | He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330) |  | 50 |
| 5388126493 | Pullman Stike | In 1894 workers at Pullman went on strike. The Amercian Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government brode the strike. (p. 331) | 51 | |
| 5388126494 | Eugene Debs | The American Railroad Union leader who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331) |  | 52 |
| 5388126495 | railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans | 53 | ||
| 5388126496 | old rich vs. new rich | 54 | ||
| 5388126497 | white-collar workers |  | 55 | |
| 5388126498 | expanding middle class | 56 | ||
| 5388126499 | factory wage earners | 57 | ||
| 5388126500 | women and children factory workers | 58 | ||
| 5388126501 | women clerical workers | 59 | ||
| 5388126502 | Protestant work ethic | 60 | ||
| 5388126503 | Adam Smith |  | 61 | |
| 5388126504 | laissez-faire Capitalism | American industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324) | 62 | |
| 5388126505 | Social Darwinism | The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species. Hypocritically, they saw nothing wrong with the government passing laws which helped rich industrialists. (p. 325) | 63 | |
| 5388126506 | concentration of wealth | 64 | ||
| 5388126507 | William Graham Sumner | An American Social Darwinist, he believed that helping the poor was wrong because it interfered with the laws of nature. (p. 325) |  | 65 |
| 5388126508 | survival of the fittest | The belief that Charles Darwins ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324) | 66 | |
| 5388126509 | Gospel of Wealth | Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325) | 67 | |
| 5388126510 | Horatio Alger Stories self-made man | His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327) |  | 68 |
