AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 17 The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900
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| 5754037986 | The Great American Desert | Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. |  | 0 |
| 5754037988 | buffalo herds | These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. |  | 1 |
| 5754037989 | Great Plains | The region west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. |  | 2 |
| 5754037991 | mining frontier, boomtowns | In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. |  | 3 |
| 5754037992 | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341) |  | 4 |
| 5754037994 | longhorns, vaqueros | The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. |  | 5 |
| 5754037995 | long drives | Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. |  | 6 |
| 5754037997 | Joseph Glidden | He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. |  | 7 |
| 5754037998 | Homestead Act | In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. |  | 8 |
| 5754037999 | dry farming | This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342) |  | 9 |
| 5754038000 | Great Plains tribes | These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. |  | 10 |
| 5754038001 | Southwest tribes | These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. |  | 11 |
| 5754038004 | Little Big Horn | In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345) |  | 12 |
| 5754038005 | Assimilationists | The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. |  | 13 |
| 5754038006 | Helen Hunt Jackson | The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. |  | 14 |
| 5754038007 | Dawes Act of 1887 | This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. |  | 15 |
| 5754038008 | Ghost Dance movement | This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. |  | 16 |
| 5754038009 | Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 | In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. |  | 17 |
| 5754038014 | Yellowstone, Yosemite | In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. |  | 18 |
| 5754038015 | Department of the Interior | Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. |  | 19 |
| 5754038017 | Forest Reserve Act of 1891 | This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. |  | 20 |
| 5754038019 | John Muir, Sierra Club | In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. |  | 21 |
| 5754038020 | New South | After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. |  | 22 |
| 5754038021 | Henry Grady | Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. |  | 23 |
| 5754038022 | Birmingham steel | This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. |  | 24 |
| 5754038027 | sharecropping; tenant farmers | After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. |  | 25 |
| 5754038028 | George Washington Carver | An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. |  | 26 |
| 5754038029 | Tuskegee Institute | An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. |  | 27 |
| 5754038031 | Civil Rights Cases of 1883 | In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. |  | 28 |
| 5754038032 | Plessy v. Ferguson | An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. |  | 29 |
| 5754038033 | Jim Crow laws | In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. |  | 30 |
| 5754038034 | literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses | After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting. |  | 31 |
| 5754038035 | white primaries, white juries | After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. |  | 32 |
| 5754038036 | lynch mobs | In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were hung by a mob without trial by Southerners. |  | 33 |
| 5754038038 | African American migration | In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. |  | 34 |
| 5754038039 | Ida B. Wells | She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. |  | 35 |
| 5754038040 | Booker T. Washington | Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. |  | 36 |
| 5754038043 | crop price deflation | After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. |  | 37 |
| 5754038045 | National Grange Movement | In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. |  | 38 |
| 5754038046 | cooperatives | Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. |  | 39 |
| 5754038047 | Granger laws | In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. |  | 40 |
| 5754038048 | Munn v. Illinois | Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. |  | 41 |
| 5754038049 | Wabash v. Illinois | Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. |  | 42 |
| 5754038050 | Interstate Commerce Commission | The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. |  | 43 |
| 5754038052 | census of 1890 | The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. |  | 44 |
| 5754038053 | Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" | He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. |  | 45 |
