AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 26 Truman and the Cold War 1945-1952
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| 6209037691 | George Kennan | Helped formulate Truman's containment policy. Expert on Soviet Affairs, in an influential article he wrote that only "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies" would eventually cause the Soviets to back off their Communist ideology of world domination and live in peace with other nations. (p. 563) |  | 0 |
| 6209037692 | Dean Acheson | undersecretary of state who helped formulate Truman's containment policy (p. |  | 1 |
| 6209037693 | containment policy | In 1947, President Truman adopted the advice of three top advisers on how to contain Soviet aggression. This policy called for a long-term, firm, and vigilant containment of the Soviet's expansion tendencies. They believed this would eventually cause them to back off their Communist ideology of world domination. (p. 563) |  | 2 |
| 6209037694 | Truman Doctrine | This doctrine was in response to a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece and Soviet demand for some control of a water route in Turkey. In 1947, President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. (p. 564) |  | 3 |
| 6209037695 | Marshall Plan | A 1947 plan of U.S. economic aid to help European nations revive their economies and strengthen democratic governments, after the devastation of World War II. This plan offered $12 billion in aid to western and southern Europe. The Soviet Union refused to take any of the aid and the result was a deepening rift between non-Communist West and the Communist East. (p. 564) |  | 4 |
| 6209037696 | Berlin airlift | The Soviets cut off all access by land to West Berlin. The United States flew planes in with supplies to help the people. At the same time, the U.S. sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England. Stalin chose not to challenge the airlift and war was averted. (p. 564) |  | 5 |
| 6209037697 | East Germany | After World War II, this country was the German Democratic Republic, a satellite of the Soviet Union. (p. 564) |  | 6 |
| 6209037698 | West Germany | After World War II, this country was the Federal Republic of Germany, a U.S. ally. (p. 564) |  | 7 |
| 6209037699 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization | A military alliance, commonly known as NATO. It consists of the United States, Canada, and ten European nations. Its purpose was to defend Western Europe against outside attack. (p. 565) |  | 8 |
| 6209037700 | National Security Act | In 1947, this act provided for 1) a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the military, 2) creation of the National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold War, 3) creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments. (p. 566) |  | 9 |
| 6209037701 | Nuclear arms race | Soviet and American scientists were in an arms race to develop superior weapons systems. From 1945 to 1949 the U.S. was only country to have atomic bombs. In 1949 the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb. President Truman responded by approving the development of a hydrogen bomb which would be 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb. (p. 566) |  | 10 |
| 6209037702 | NSC-68 | A 1950 secret report in which the National Security Council that U.S must fight the Cold War by: 1) quadruple U.S. defense spending to 20% of GNP 2) form alliances with non-Communist countries 3) convince Americans that a costly arms build up was necessary for defense (p. 566) |  | 11 |
| 6209037703 | U.S. - Japanese Security Treaty | A 1951 treaty, in which Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific and the U.S. ended formal occupation of Japan. U.S troops remained on military bases in Japan to protect it from external enemies. (p. 567) |  | 12 |
| 6209037704 | Douglas MacArthur | Popular general who aggressively directed American forces during the Korean War. He clashed with President Truman, who removed him from command in 1951. (p. 566) |  | 13 |
| 6209037705 | Chinese civil war | The war between Communist Mao Zedong and Nationalist Chiang-Kai Shek. The United States gave $400 million in aid to the Nationalists, but 80 percent of it landed in Communist hands. The Communists took over China and forced the Nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. The U.S. did not recognize the People's Republic of China until 1979. (p. 567) |  | 14 |
| 6209037706 | Chiang Kai-shek | Nationalist leader of China, forced out of China by the Communists. He retreated to Taiwan, where the U.S. continued to support him. (p. 567) |  | 15 |
| 6209037707 | Taiwan | When the Communists took control of the China mainland, the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek were forced to retreat to this island. (p. 567) |  | 16 |
| 6209037708 | Mao Zedong | The Communist leader of the People's Republic of China. He overthrew Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. (p. 567) |  | 17 |
| 6209037709 | People's Republic of China | Commonly known as China, it is the largest country in East Asia. A socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of China under a single-party system. (p. 567) |  | 18 |
| 6209037710 | Korean War | On June 25, 1950 the North Korean army invaded South Korea. General Douglas MacArthur led a United Nations force consisting of mostly U.S. troops to help the South Korean army. By the time a peace agreement was signed in 1953 the north and south border was nearly in the same location, but 2.5 million people, including 54,000 Americans had died. (p. 568) |  | 19 |
| 6209037711 | Kim Il Sung | The Communist leader of North Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568) |  | 20 |
| 6209037712 | Syngman Rhee | The nationalist leader of South Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568) |  | 21 |
| 6209037713 | U.N. police action | The term to describe the Korean War because Congress supported the use of U.S. troops under the U.N. but had never declared war. (p. 568) |  | 22 |
| 6209037714 | 38th parallel | After World War II Japan gave up its former colony Korea and the country was divided along this parallel. The northern area was occupied by the Soviet forces and the south by the U.S. forces. (p. 568) |  | 23 |
| 6209037715 | soft on communism | The Republican's term to describe the Democrats after China adopted Communism and the Korean War stalemate. (p. 569) |  | 24 |
| 6209037716 | Loyalty Review Board | In 1947 under pressure from the Republicans this board was established to investigate the background of more than 3 million employees. (p. 570) |  | 25 |
| 6209037717 | Smith Act | In 1940, this act made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (p. 570) |  | 26 |
| 6209037718 | Dennis et al. v. United States | In 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act. (p. 570) |  | 27 |
| 6209037719 | McCarran Internal Security Act | In 1950, Congress passed this act over Truman's veto which did the following: 1) Made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government. 2) Restrict the employment and travel of those joining Communist -front organizations. 3) Authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives. (p. 570) |  | 28 |
| 6209037720 | House Un-American Activities Committee | After World War II, this House of Representative committee investigated Communist influence in the government and within organizations such as the Boy Scouts and Hollywood film industry. Many were called to testify before the committee and some were blacklisted. (p. 570) |  | 29 |
| 6209037721 | Hollywood blacklists | The House Un-American Activities Committee created a list of people who would be denied work in the film industry. (p. 570) |  | 30 |
| 6209037722 | freedom of expression in arts | The Second Red Scare, the search for Communists, had a chilling effect on freedom of expression. (p. 570) |  | 31 |
| 6209037723 | Alger Hiss | He was a state department official who assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta conference. He denied that he was a Communist and had given secret documents to Whittaker Chambers. In 1950, he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison. (p. 571) |  | 32 |
| 6209037724 | Whittaker Chambers | A confessed Communist and witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee. (p. 571) |  | 33 |
| 6209037725 | Rosenberg case | This couple, Julius and Ethel, were charged with running a spy ring for the Soviets in New York. In 1953, they were convicted of treason and executed. (p 571) |  | 34 |
| 6209037726 | Joseph McCarthy | A Republican senator from Wisconsin, who recklessly accused many government officials of being Communists. In December 1954 censured by the Senate which brought an end to his era. (p. 571) |  | 35 |
| 6209037727 | McCarthyism | During the early 1950s, this term was applied to the process of recklessly accusing people in the government and the arts of being Communists. (p. 571) |  | 36 |
