AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816
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| 9824029243 | Thomas Jefferson | He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. | 0 | |
| 9824029244 | Louisiana Purchase | In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States | 1 | |
| 9824029245 | war hawks | They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139) | 2 | |
| 9824029246 | Henry Clay | In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139) | 3 | |
| 9824029247 | John C. Calhoun | In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139) | 4 | |
| 9824029248 | Tecumseh | This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138) | 5 | |
| 9824029440 | Prophet | This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138) | 6 | |
| 9824029249 | William Henry Harrison | In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138) | 7 | |
| 9824029250 | Battle of Tippecanoe | An 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138) | 8 | |
| 9824029251 | strict interpretation of Constitution | President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected that the government could create a bank or that a president could purchase foreign land. | 9 | |
| 9824029252 | John Marshall | This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134) | 10 | |
| 9824029253 | judicial review | In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134) | 11 | |
| 9824029441 | Marbury v. Madison | A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review | 12 | |
| 9824029254 | Aaron Burr | He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico | 13 | |
| 9824029256 | Hartford Convention (1814) | Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. | 14 | |
| 9824029257 | Napoleon Bonaparte | In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141) | 15 | |
| 9824029258 | Toussaint I'Ouverture | He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo (Haiti) which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132) | 16 | |
| 9824029259 | Barbary pirates | President Jefferson stopped paying them tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136) | 17 | |
| 9824029261 | impressment | The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136) | 18 | |
| 9824029263 | Embargo Act (1807) | In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain. | 19 | |
| 9824029264 | James Madison | The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137) | 20 | |
| 9824029265 | Nonintercourse Act (1809) | In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137) | 21 | |
| 9824029267 | War of 1812 | A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. | 22 | |
| 9824029268 | Old Ironsides | The nickname for the U.S. warship, USS Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140) | 23 | |
| 9824029274 | Andrew Jackson | In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141) | 24 | |
| 9824029276 | Creek Nation | This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141) | 25 | |
| 9824029277 | Battle of New Orleans | On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141) | 26 | |
| 9824029278 | Treaty of Ghent (1814) | The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141) | 27 | |
| 9824029279 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134) | 28 | |
| 9824029280 | Francis Scott Key | He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141) | 29 | |
| 9824029442 | The Star Spangled Banner | The United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141) | 30 | |
| 9824029281 | utopian communities | Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210) | 31 | |
| 9824029282 | Shakers | This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210) | 32 | |
| 9824029444 | Robert Owen | A Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210) | 33 | |
| 9824029445 | New Harmony | Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210) | 34 | |
| 9824029283 | Oneida community | This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210) | 35 | |
| 9824029284 | Charles Fourier phalanxes | In the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210) | 36 | |
| 9824029285 | Horace Mann | He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213) | 37 | |
| 9824029286 | temperance | Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. | 38 | |
| 9824029287 | American Temperance Society | Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212) | 39 | |
| 9824029289 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212) | 40 | |
| 9824029290 | asylum movement | In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. | 41 | |
| 9824029291 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. | 42 | |
| 9824029294 | penitentiaries | These institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213) | 43 | |
| 9824029296 | public school movement | In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213) | 44 | |
| 9824029299 | American Colonization Society | Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215) | 45 | |
| 9824029300 | American Antislavery Society | The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215) | 46 | |
| 9824029301 | abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator | In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215) | 47 | |
| 9824029303 | Frederick Douglass; The North Star | In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215) | 48 | |
| 9824029304 | Harriet Tubman | Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) | 49 | |
| 9824029306 | Sojourner Truth | A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215) | 50 | |
| 9824029308 | David Walker | An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215) | 51 | |
| 9824029310 | Nat Turner | In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215) | 52 | |
| 9824029311 | antebellum period | The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207) | 53 | |
| 9824029313 | transcendentalists | They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209) | 54 | |
| 9824029314 | Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar" | The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209) | 55 | |
| 9824029315 | Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience" | A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209) | 56 | |
| 9824029317 | feminists | The term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214) | 57 | |
| 9824029318 | Margaret Fuller | A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210) | 58 | |
| 9824029324 | Hudson River school | In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211) | 59 | |
| 9824029325 | Washington Irving | This author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211) | 60 | |
| 9824029326 | James Fenimore Cooper | This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211) | 61 | |
| 9824029327 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211) | 62 | |
| 9824029330 | Second Great Awakening | A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207) | 63 | |
| 9824029331 | Timothy Dwight | President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207) | 64 | |
| 9824029332 | revivalism; revival camp meetings | In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207) | 65 | |
| 9824029334 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons | Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208) | 66 | |
| 9824029337 | women's rights movement | Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214) | 67 | |
| 9824029338 | cult of domesticity | After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214) | 68 | |
| 9824029339 | Grimke sisters | Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214) | 69 | |
| 9824029341 | Lucretia Mott | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) | 70 | |
| 9824029342 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) | 71 | |
| 9824029343 | Seneca Falls Convention | In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214) | 72 | |
| 9824029344 | Susan B. Anthony | Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214) | 73 | |
| 9824029345 | Indian Removal Act | In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195) | 74 | |
| 9824029347 | Worcester v. Georgia | In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196) | 75 | |
| 9824029348 | Cherokee trail of tears | In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196) | 76 | |
| 9824029349 | Bank of the United States | In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197) | 77 | |
| 9824029354 | Panic of 1837 | Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199) | 78 | |
| 9824029355 | Martin Van Buren | He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198) | 79 | |
| 9824029356 | common man | Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192) | 80 | |
| 9824029357 | universal white male sufferage | In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192) | 81 | |
| 9824029358 | party nominating convention | In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192) | 82 | |
| 9824029364 | spoils system | President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193) | 83 | |
| 9824029366 | Henry Clay | He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197) | 84 | |
| 9824029367 | corrupt bargain | The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194) | 85 | |
| 9824029368 | John Quincy Adams | In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194) | 86 | |
| 9824029369 | Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations | In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194) | 87 | |
| 9824029371 | Andrew Jackson | He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195) | 88 | |
| 9824029374 | states' rights | President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196) | 89 | |
| 9824029375 | nullification crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197) | 90 | |
| 9824029377 | John C. Calhoun | He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196) | 91 | |
| 9824029379 | two-party system | This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197) | 92 | |
| 9824029380 | Democrats | In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197) | 93 | |
| 9824029381 | Whigs | In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197) | 94 | |
| 9824029384 | sectionalism | Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173) | 95 | |
| 9824029385 | Nativists | Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176) | 96 | |
| 9824029451 | Know-Nothing Party | Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176) | 97 | |
| 9824029452 | Free African Americans | By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179) | 98 | |
| 9824029461 | urbanization | Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174) | 99 | |
| 9824029465 | Tammany Hall | New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176) | 100 | |
| 9824029392 | Eli Whitney | The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178) | 101 | |
| 9824029394 | Denmark Vesey | In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179) | 102 | |
| 9824029395 | Nat Turner | In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179) | 103 | |
| 9824029468 | slave codes | In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178) | 104 | |
| 9824029469 | unions | For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174) | 105 | |
| 9824029470 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174) | 106 | |
| 9824029397 | Cyrus McCormick | United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175) | 107 | |
| 9824029398 | John Deere | United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175) | 108 | |
| 9824029399 | Daniel Webster | A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173) | 109 | |
| 9824029400 | Era of Good Feelings | Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150) | 110 | |
| 9824029401 | sectionalism | The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157) | 111 | |
| 9824029406 | protective tariff | A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151) | 112 | |
| 9824029407 | Henry Clay; American System | His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152) | 113 | |
| 9824029408 | Second Bank of the United States | This institution was chartered in 181. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152) | 114 | |
| 9824029409 | Panic of 1819 | In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153) | 115 | |
| 9824029411 | National (Cumberland) Road | A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161) | 116 | |
| 9824029412 | Erie Canal | A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161) | 117 | |
| 9824029413 | Robert Fulton; steamboats | In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161) | 118 | |
| 9824029414 | railroads | A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161) | 119 | |
| 9824029415 | Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts | In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162) | 120 | |
| 9824029416 | corporations | In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162) | 121 | |
| 9824029417 | Samuel Slater | British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162) | 122 | |
| 9824029418 | factory system | In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162) | 123 | |
| 9824029419 | Lowell System; textile mills | The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163) | 124 | |
| 9824029424 | market revolution | This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164) | 125 | |
| 9824029425 | John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153) | 126 | |
| 9824029426 | Fletcher v. Peck | . This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154) | 127 | |
| 9824029427 | McCulloch v. Maryland | This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154) | 128 | |
| 9824029430 | implied powers | Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154) | 129 | |
| 9824029432 | Missouri Compromise | An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157) | 130 | |
| 9824029438 | Monroe Doctrine | An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158) | 131 |
