AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848
Terms : Hide Images
| 7700375968 | Era of Good Feelings | Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150) |  | 0 |
| 7700375969 | sectionalism | The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157) |  | 1 |
| 7700375970 | James Monroe | The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151) |  | 2 |
| 7700375971 | cultural nationalism | A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151) |  | 3 |
| 7700375972 | economic nationalism | Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151) |  | 4 |
| 7700375973 | Tariff of 1816 | The first protective tariff in U.S. history. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151) |  | 5 |
| 7700375974 | protective tariff | A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151) |  | 6 |
| 7700375975 | Henry Clay; American System | His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152) |  | 7 |
| 7700375976 | Second Bank of the United States | This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152) |  | 8 |
| 7700375977 | Panic of 1819 | In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153) |  | 9 |
| 7700375978 | Lancaster Turnpike | Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161) |  | 10 |
| 7700375979 | National (Cumberland) Road | A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161) |  | 11 |
| 7700375980 | Erie Canal | A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161) |  | 12 |
| 7700375981 | Robert Fulton; steamboats | In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161) |  | 13 |
| 7700375982 | railroads | A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161) |  | 14 |
| 7700375983 | Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts | In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162) |  | 15 |
| 7700375984 | corporations | In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162) |  | 16 |
| 7700375985 | Samuel Slater | British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162) |  | 17 |
| 7700375986 | factory system | In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162) |  | 18 |
| 7700375987 | Lowell System; textile mills | The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163) |  | 19 |
| 7700375988 | industrialization | Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164) | | 20 |
| 7700375989 | specialization | Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164) |  | 21 |
| 7700375990 | unions | Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163) |  | 22 |
| 7700375991 | cotton gin | In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162) |  | 23 |
| 7700375992 | market revolution | This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164) |  | 24 |
| 7700375993 | John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153) |  | 25 |
| 7700375994 | Fletcher v. Peck | An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154) |  | 26 |
| 7700375995 | McCulloch v. Maryland | This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154) |  | 27 |
| 7700375996 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward | An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154) |  | 28 |
| 7700375997 | Gibbons v. Ogden | This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154) |  | 29 |
| 7700375998 | implied powers | Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154) |  | 30 |
| 7700375999 | Tallmadge Amendment | Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156) |  | 31 |
| 7700376000 | Missouri Compromise | An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157) |  | 32 |
| 7700376001 | Stephen Decatur | In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean. (p. 157) |  | 33 |
| 7700376002 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157) |  | 34 |
| 7700376003 | Treaty of 1818 | Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157) |  | 35 |
| 7700376004 | Andrew Jackson | In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158) |  | 36 |
| 7700376005 | Florida Purchase Treaty | An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158) |  | 37 |
| 7700376006 | Monroe Doctrine | An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158) |  | 38 |
| 7700376007 | Indian Removal Act | In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195) |  | 39 |
| 7700376008 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195) |  | 40 |
| 7700376009 | Worcester v. Georgia | In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196) |  | 41 |
| 7700376010 | Cherokee trail of tears | In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196) |  | 42 |
| 7700376011 | Bank of the United States | In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197) |  | 43 |
| 7700376012 | Nicholas Biddle | During the 1830s, he was president of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197) |  | 44 |
| 7700376013 | Roger Taney | He was Andrew Jackson's secretary of Treasury. In an attempt to destroy the Bank of the United States, he transferred funds from the national bank to various state banks. (p. 198) |  | 45 |
| 7700376014 | pet banks | A term for the state banks. President Andrew Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States, so he transferred federal funds to these state banks. (p. 198) |  | 46 |
| 7700376015 | Specie Circular | To check inflationary, President Andrew Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than paper bank notes. (p. 198) |  | 47 |
| 7700376016 | Panic of 1837 | Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199) | | 48 |
| 7700376017 | Martin Van Buren | He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198) |  | 49 |
| 7700376018 | common man | Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192) |  | 50 |
| 7700376019 | universal white male sufferage | In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192) |  | 51 |
| 7700376020 | party nominating convention | In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192) |  | 52 |
| 7700376021 | King Caucus | A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates. (p. 192) |  | 53 |
| 7700376022 | popular election of president | In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192) |  | 54 |
| 7700376023 | Anti-Masonic Party | A political party, that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192) |  | 55 |
| 7700376024 | Workingmen's Party | A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192) |  | 56 |
| 7700376025 | popular campaigning | Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193) |  | 57 |
| 7700376026 | spoils system | President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193) |  | 58 |
| 7700376027 | rotation in office | President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193) |  | 59 |
| 7700376028 | Henry Clay | He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197) | | 60 |
| 7700376029 | corrupt bargain | The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194) |  | 61 |
| 7700376030 | John Quincy Adams | In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194) |  | 62 |
| 7700376031 | Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations | In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194) |  | 63 |
| 7700376032 | Revolution of 1828 | In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195) |  | 64 |
| 7700376033 | Andrew Jackson | He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195) |  | 65 |
| 7700376034 | role of the president | President Andrew Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abused of power by the rich and privileged. He thought this was the role he should play. (p. 195) |  | 66 |
| 7700376035 | Peggy Eaton affair | When President Andrew Jackson's secretary of war's wife was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force the wives to accept Peggy Eaton. (p. 195) |  | 67 |
| 7700376036 | states' rights | President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196) |  | 68 |
| 7700376037 | nullification crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197) |  | 69 |
| 7700376038 | Webster-Hayne debate | In 1830, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union under the Constitution. Daniel Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196) |  | 70 |
| 7700376039 | John C. Calhoun | He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196) |  | 71 |
| 7700376040 | Proclamation to the People of South Carolina | President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197) |  | 72 |
| 7700376041 | two-party system | This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197) |  | 73 |
| 7700376042 | Democrats | In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197) |  | 74 |
| 7700376043 | Whigs | In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197) |  | 75 |
| 7700376044 | log cabin and hard cider campaign | The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199) |  | 76 |
