AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848
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| 5221890813 | Era of Good Feelings | Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150) |  | 0 |
| 5221890814 | sectionalism | Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). |  | 1 |
| 5221890815 | James Monroe | The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151) |  | 2 |
| 5221890816 | cultural nationalism | A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151) | 3 | |
| 5221890817 | economic nationalism | Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151) | 4 | |
| 5221890818 | Tariff of 1816 | The first protective tariff in the US, it helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods. (p. 151) |  | 5 |
| 5221890819 | protective tariff | A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151) |  | 6 |
| 5221890820 | Henry Clay's American System | His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs; 2) a national bank; and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements to be funded by the national government were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow for such use of federal funds. (p. 152) |  | 7 |
| 5221890822 | Panic of 1819 | The first major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. (p. 153) |  | 8 |
| 5221890825 | Erie Canal | A canal built in 1825 in New York that linked economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices, and stronger economies. (p. 161) |  | 9 |
| 5221890830 | Samuel Slater | British-born textile producer, one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791 he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162) |  | 10 |
| 5221890832 | Lowell System; textile mills | The system that recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. These were textile mills. (p. 163) |  | 11 |
| 5221890836 | cotton gin | It was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162) |  | 12 |
| 5221890838 | John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835). A Federalist who favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Even when he was outnumbered in the Supreme Court, Republican justices sided with him. (p. 153) |  | 13 |
| 5221890840 | McCulloch v. Maryland | An 1819 Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States, The case confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States based on the Constitution's implied power. |  | 14 |
| 5221890845 | Missouri Compromise | An 1820 compromise that Missouri joined the Union as a slave state, and Maine joined as a free state. Congress also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. (p. 157) |  | 15 |
| 5221890847 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canada border fortifications. (p. 157) |  | 16 |
| 5221890848 | Treaty of 1818 | Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years; 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157) | 17 | |
| 5221890849 | Andrew Jackson | In 1817 this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. (p. 158) |  | 18 |
| 5221890851 | Monroe Doctrine | An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158) |  | 19 |
| 5261057762 | Nullification | Calhoun argued that States were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws. Basically a state could not follow a law that they thought was unconstitutional Supporters: | 20 | |
| 5261065730 | Webster-Hayne Debates | Robert Y. Hayne debated Daniel Webster on wither or not the land sales in the West would be discontinued ( to slow the growth of slavery) Hayne said no, because this would give even more power to the Northeast. Webster turned the debate to Nullification, where he won | 21 | |
| 5261080524 | Whig | Philosophy: Envisioned America as a nation embracing the industrial future and rising to world greatness as a commercial and manufacturing power Supporters: Merchants of the Northeast, wealthy planters of the South, and ambitious farmers of the West | 22 | |
| 5261217811 | Nativists | Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176) | 23 | |
| 5261226000 | American party | Anti Foreign party that nominated candidates in the early 1850s. (p. 176) | 24 | |
| 5261252368 | American System | Henry Clay's program for internal improvements and economic development | 25 | |
| 5261255311 | Panic of 1837 | When Van Buren issued the specie circular, requiring currency backed by gold or silver to pay for public lands, hundred of banks and businesses failed and unemployment grew. This lasted for 5 years | 26 | |
| 5261263760 | Seminole War | Florida tribe refused to relocate and held an uprising in 1835. Jackson sent troops to Florida to fight the guerilla warfare natives and natives were forces westward. However, relocation was never complete for Seminoles. | 27 | |
| 5261270414 | William Henry Harrison | Whig who won the campaign of 1840 with veep John Tyler. beat Van Buren(aristocrat). He was pegged as an everyday frontiersman | 28 | |
| 5261318237 | Treaty of Ghent, 1814 | ~ Peace treaty ending the War of 1812 (Great Britain and US) ~ Restored relations between the two nations to what they were before | 29 | |
| 5261323041 | Hartford Convention, 1814 | ~ Meeting between Massachusetts, Rhode Island and , Connecticut to discuss grievances towards the war. Hartford Convention demanded : Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for trade lost through embargos, constitutional amendment requiring ⅔ majority to pass embargos, abolition of the ⅗ vote for colored, prohibition of election of consecutive presidents from the same state. ~ Marked the death of the Federalist Party. | 30 | |
| 5261332589 | Battle of New Orleans | ~ Jackson attacked New Orleans at the close of the War of 1812. The Treaty of Ghent had already been signed, but word had not reached the US yet. This battle showed Andrew Jackson as a war hero, which was the main reason he became president. | 31 | |
| 5261337109 | Embargo of 1808 | ~ This act was an attempt to stop all foreign trade. The idea was that Great Britain needed US imports more than we needed their exports, the US hoped to stop impressment through these means. ~ The result of the act led to a large amount of smuggling of goods. Had a huge impact on the American Economy, was repealed. | 32 | |
| 5261342255 | Impressment | ~ This was a policy put in place by Great Britain where American merchant boats could be confiscated and any British on the boats could be taken and put into the British military. ~In reality Impressment was used on many Americans not just runaway British. | 33 | |
| 5261348452 | Aaron Burr | ~ principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies ~ was vice president to Jefferson | 34 | |
| 5261353247 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | ~ Expedition set out by Jefferson to observe the land of the Louisiana Area, and to attempt to make trading ties with the natives living there. ~ Louis and Clark mapped and explored the area. | 35 | |
| 5261359011 | Marbury v. Madison | ~ The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress | 36 | |
| 5261363672 | Barbary Coast pirates | ~ These pirates would raid ships and demanded protection money from all nations that sailed the Mediterranean Sea ~ In response 1801 we go to war with Pasha of Tripoli, 1805 come to an agreement which ends the protection fee, but we pay $60,000 to retrieve hostages. | 37 | |
| 5261368908 | Eli Whitney, the cotton gin, interchangeable parts | ~ Cotton gin was a simple machine that separated out seeds from the cotton fibers ~ This led to a huge increase in slavery, South became much more dependent on cotton, and produced cotton much faster ~ Interchangeable parts for rifles. This led to much faster production of rifles, and greatly decreased the cost. Helped developed textile industry. | 38 | |
| 5261415221 | Second Great Awakening | ~ Protestant revival ~ Conservative theologians against the spread of religious rationalism (against Deism) | 39 | |
| 5261420329 | Deism and religious skepticism | ~ Believed that there was a God, but that he had no direct involvement in worldly affairs ~ rejection of "religious superstition" and the Holy Trinity | 40 | |
| 5261461157 | Bank War | Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong | 41 | |
| 5261492678 | Indian Removal Act | President Andrew Jackson signed this act in 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. | 42 | |
| 5261500667 | 50-40- Flight | Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds. | 43 | |
| 5261506675 | Jacksonian Democracy | the political movement during the Second Party System toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters | 44 | |
| 5261523077 | Know-nothing- party | was a prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church. | 45 | |
| 5263051156 | american temperance union | In 1836 in a meeting in Saratoga, New York the two groups merge to form the American Temperance Union, introducing the principle of total abstinence or "teetotalism". It was led by the Congregationalist minister John Marsh from 1837 until its dissolution in 1866. | 46 | |
| 5263158522 | War Hawks | Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain's northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. | 47 | |
| 5263171188 | "Trail of Tears," | In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the | 48 | |
| 5263188975 | spoils system | the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters. Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office. | 49 | |
| 5263210008 | tariff of abominations | " was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. | 50 | |
| 5263224049 | Tariff of 1832 | this was referred to as a protectionist tariff in the United States. The purpose of this tariff was to act as remedy for the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828. Mainly, the protective Tariff of 1828 was created in such a way that it intended to protect the industry in the north. | 51 | |
| 5263232471 | market revolution | is a term used by historians to describe the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth-century America, prompted mainly by the construction of new roads and canals to connect distant communities together for the first time. | 52 | |
| 5263241507 | Louisiana Purchase | (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. | 53 | |
| 5263252336 | Corps of Discovery | was a specially-established unit of the United States Army which formed the nucleus of the Lewis and Clark Expedition that took place between May 1804 and September 1806. | 54 | |
| 5263261736 | corrupt bargain | To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters denounced this as a | 55 | |
| 5263277519 | John C. Calhoun | Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. | 56 | |
| 5263289326 | judicial review | The right of federal courts to declare laws of Congress and acts of the executive branch void and unenforceable if they are judged to be in conflict with the Constitution From Marbury v. Madison | 57 |
