AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900
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| 6716924760 | Gospel of Wealth | Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325) |  | 0 |
| 6716924761 | Social Darwinism | The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324) |  | 1 |
| 6716924762 | nation's first big business | Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320) |  | 2 |
| 6716924763 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. Only allowed skilled workers, no minorities or women. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330) |  | 3 |
| 6716924764 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320) |  | 4 |
| 6716924765 | Eastern Trunk Lines | In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320) |  | 5 |
| 6716924766 | transcontinental railroads | During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321) |  | 6 |
| 6716924767 | Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" | He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. (p. 343) |  | 7 |
| 6716924768 | Union Pacific and Central Pacific | Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321) |  | 8 |
| 6716924769 | American Railroad Association | In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320) |  | 9 |
| 6716924770 | Tammany Hall | A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364) |  | 10 |
| 6716924771 | Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps | Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381) |  | 11 |
| 6716924772 | Dawes Act of 1887 | This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345) |  | 12 |
| 6716924773 | Jim Crow laws | In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349) |  | 13 |
| 6716924774 | railroads and time zones | The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320) | | 14 |
| 6716924775 | speculation and overbuilding | In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321) | | 15 |
| 6716924776 | Jay Gould, watering stock | Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321) |  | 16 |
| 6716924777 | rebates and pools | In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321) |  | 17 |
| 6716924778 | bankruptcy of railroads | A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321) |  | 18 |
| 6716924779 | Panic of 1893 | In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321) |  | 19 |
| 6716924780 | causes of industrial growth | After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) |  | 20 |
| 6716924781 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323) |  | 21 |
| 6716924782 | vertical integration | A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323) |  | 22 |
| 6716924783 | John D. Rockefeller | He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323) |  | 23 |
| 6716924784 | horizontal integration | Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323) |  | 24 |
| 6716924785 | Plessy v. Ferguson | An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349) |  | 25 |
| 6716924786 | federal land grants and loans | The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320) |  | 26 |
| 6716924787 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1886 | This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322) |  | 27 |
| 6716924788 | Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 | In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324) |  | 28 |
| 6716924789 | federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight | In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324) |  | 29 |
| 6716924790 | American Federation of Labor | The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330) |  | 30 |
| 6716924791 | Samuel Gompers | He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330) |  | 31 |
| 6716924792 | laissez-faire Capitalism | In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324) |  | 32 |
| 6716924793 | Homestead Act | In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342) |  | 33 |
| 6716924794 | literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses | After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting. |  | 34 |
| 6716924795 | Immigration Act of 1882 | In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362) |  | 35 |
| 6716924796 | political machines, boss | Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364) |  | 36 |
| 6716924797 | Jane Addams | In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365) |  | 37 |
| 6716924798 | settlement houses | They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365) |  | 38 |
| 6716924799 | Social Gospel | In the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles. (p. 365) |  | 39 |
| 6716924800 | Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA | In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366) |  | 40 |
| 6716924801 | laissez-faire economics and politics | The idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380) |  | 41 |
| 6716924802 | divided electorate | In the late 1800s, Republicans kept memories of the Civil War alive to remind war veterans of the pain caused by the Southern Democrats. Democrats could count on winning every former Confederate state. (p. 381) |  | 42 |
| 6716924803 | identity politics | Political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological goals. (p. 381) |  | 43 |
| 6716924804 | divided government | Governance divided between the parties, as when one party holds the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress. (p. 381) |  | 44 |
| 6716924805 | patronage politics | The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381) |  | 45 |
| 6716924806 | big-city political machines | In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381) |  | 46 |
| 6716924807 | business vs. consumers | Some people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385) |  | 47 |
| 6716924808 | "hard" money vs. "soft" money | Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384) |  | 48 |
| 6716924809 | banks, creditors vs. debtors | Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384) |  | 49 |
| 6716924810 | Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73" | Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385) |  | 50 |
| 6716924811 | Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 | This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386) | | 51 |
| 6716924812 | election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress" | In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386) |  | 52 |
| 6716924813 | rise of the Populist Party | In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386) |  | 53 |
| 6716924814 | unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1 | In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389) |  | 54 |
| 6716924815 | gold standard and higher tariff | In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390) |  | 55 |
| 6716924817 | Government subsidies to the railroads | Recognizing that the western railroads would lead the way to settlement, the federal government provided the railroads with huge subsidies in the form of loans and land grants. (AMSCO p. 320 bottom) | 56 | |
| 6716924818 | Conflict between management and labor | The late 19th century witnessed the most deadly and frequent labor conflicts. Management held most of the power in its struggles with organized labor. Strikers could easily be replace by bringing in unemployed workers desperate for jobs. Management also used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockout (closing the factory), blacklists (do not hire lists given to other companies), yellow-dog contracts (workers had to sign agreement not to join a union), use of private guards and state militia to put down strikes, and court rulings. (AMSCO p. 329 top) | 57 | |
| 6716924819 | Direct election of Senators | Traditionally U.S. senators had been elected by state legislatures rather than by the direct vote of the people. In 1899, Nevada was the first state to allow the voters to elect their U.S. senator directly. In 1913, the 17th Amendment was passed, which required that U.S. senators be elected by the popular vote of the people. (AMSCO p. 435 middle, this is Chapter 21) | 58 | |
| 6716924820 | Fred Jackson Turner, "Frontier Thesis" | By about 1890, most the the United States had been settled, and the unsettled land of the frontier had vanished. Frederick Jackson Turner has troubled by the closing of the frontier. In 1893, he wrote an influential essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. The frontier was a powerful social leveler, breaking down class distinctions and encouraging social and political democracy. Turner believed that once the frontier was gone the U.S. would become more troubled like Europe, which had class divisions and social conflict. (AMSCO p. 343 top) | 59 | |
| 6716924821 | Silver and Gold Standard | In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (AMSCO p. 389 bottom) | 60 | |
| 6716924822 | Big Business and the government | The election of 1896 was a clear victory for big business. (AMSCO p. 390 middle) | 61 | |
| 6716924823 | Mugwump, Stalwart and Half-breed Republicans | Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (AMSCO p. 381 bottom) | 62 | |
| 9366963997 | Strikes/riots; Haymarket, Homestead, & Pullman | As unions and workers sought to protect their jobs and receive fair wages battles occurred between labor and owners, some of these lead to large strikes and others to demonstrations that sometimes turned violent. | 63 |
