AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11
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| 5373863838 | First and Second Great Awakenings | The (First) Great Awakening was strongest during the 1730s and 1740s. This movement was characterized by fervent expression of religious feelings among masses of people. It had a profound effect on religious practice, sinners emotionally confessed their guilt and exulted in being "saved". It had a democratising effect, because people could make their own religious decisions without relying on higher authorities, such as ministers. Thirty years later, this would lead to challenging the authority of the king and his royal governors. (p. 49) The Second Great Awakening began in the early decades of the 19th century. Partly a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. It affected all sections of the country, but in the northern states it touched off social reform that drove the reform movements of this period. (p. 207) |  | 0 |
| 5373854115 | market revolution | Starting in the early 19th century, this revolution produced vast economic growth. Farmers fed the workers in the cities, the cities provided farm families with an array of mass produced goods. (p. 164) |  | 1 |
| 5373854052 | Thomas Jefferson | He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams, reduced the size of the military. He eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. (p. 131) |  | 2 |
| 5373854087 | Battle of New Orleans | General Andrew Jackson won this battle in New Orleans against the British on January 8, 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States. (p. 141) |  | 3 |
| 5373854091 | Era of Good Feelings | Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150) |  | 4 |
| 5373880774 | Jacksonian Democracy | The time period 1829 to 1837 when Andrew Jackson was president. This era was also known as the Age of the Common Man. The nation shared a belief in the equality of opportunity for white males, although women and other races were not included. White men were provided the opportunity to vote, as religious and property qualifications for voting were omitted. Closed door meetings of political leaders, were replaced by nominating conventions open to the public. By 1832 every state except South Carolina allowed voters to choose the state's presidential electors. At the state and local level more officials were elected rather than appointed. The spoils system, appointing loyal Democrats to federal jobs, was prominent. (p. 191-193) |  | 5 |
| 5373854146 | American Indian removal | President Andrew Jackson supported the land-hungry citizens who want to take over lands held by the American Indians. In 1830, he passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced the resettlement o many thousands of American Indians. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma. (p. 195) |  | 6 |
| 5373886659 | McCulloch v Maryland | In 1819 Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax a federal institution, the Second Bank of the United States. Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, even though no clause specifically mentions a national bank, it was ruled that the bank was constitutional. (p. 154) |  | 7 |
| 5373854245 | Romanticism in paintings and literature - romantic movement | In the first half of the 19th century American painters set out to evoke the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent. Noted authors of the period included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper. (p. 211) |  | 8 |
| 5373854202 | nullification crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. This was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Andrew Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina and a compromise was reached. (p. 196) |  | 9 |
| 5373854116 | Marshall Court | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835). A Federalist who favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. (p. 134, 153) |  | 10 |
| 5373854234 | Early abolitionists | In the early 19th century, opponents of slavery ranged from moderates who proposed gradual abolition to radicals who demanded immediate abolition without compensating their owners. The Second Great Awakening led many Christians to view slavery as a sin. The abolitionist included: * American Colonization Society: Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. Only 12,000 people were settled in Africa. * American Antislavery Society: The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. * Liberty party: In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. * Black Abolitionists: Abolitionists that were escaped slaves and free blacks included Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, and William Still. * Violent Abolitionists: David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 214-215) |  | 11 |
| 5373854277 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) |  | 12 |
| 5373854114 | cotton gin | This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed to pick cotton in the fields. (p. 162) |  | 13 |
| 5373854075 | War Hawks | The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139) |  | 14 |
| 5374009982 | Early Feminism | Women reformers, especially those in the anti-slavery movement, resented being relegated to secondary roles. Two sisters, Sarah and Angelina Grimke objected to males opposition to their antislavery work. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention and they began campaigning for women's rights. (p. 214) |  | 15 |
| 5373854273 | Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity | After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214) |  | 16 |
| 5374017352 | Differences between the regions: North, South, West | In the first half of the 19th century there were differences between the regions of the U.S. North: Consisted of the Northeast and the Old Northwest. By the 1830s the Northeast factories were producing a wide range of goods. Urban population grew and more people took jobs in factories. By 1850 the Old Northwest (six states east of Ohio) grew crops of corn and wheat and canals and railroads were used to transport the crops. South: The chief economic activity was the production and sale of cotton. This was made possible by the low cost labor provided by slavery. The South exported cotton for use in mechanized mills in Great Britain. By the 1850s cotton provided two-thirds of U.S. exports and linked the South and Great Britain. West: Mountain men trapped beaver for fur in the early 19th century. By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi. Some American Indian tribes used horses to become nomadic hunters of buffalo. White settlers lived in log cabins or sod huts, and worked hard from sunrise to sunset to eke out a living from the land. (p. 173) | 17 | |
| 5374018998 | Evolution of political parties from Washington to Harrison | George Washington's unanimous election in 1789 led to the popular belief that political parties were not needed. In the 1790s the Federalist party, led by Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republican party, led by Thomas Jefferson. The Federalists advocated the growth of federal power and the Democratic-Republicans argued for states rights. In 1828, Andrew Jackson of the Democratic party was elected president. He became a symbol for the common man. (p. 113) |  | 18 |
| 5373854077 | War of 1812 | A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138) |  | 19 |
| 5374024457 | Democrats v Whigs | In the Age of Jackson (1829 to 1837) there were two major parties: Democrats, lead by Andrew Jackson, and Whigs, lead by Henry Clay. Democrats Favored: * Local rule * Limited government * Free trade * Opportunity for white males Whigs Favored the American System: * National bank * Federal funds for internal improvements * Protective tariff Democrats Major Concerns: * Monopolies * National bank * High Tariffs * High land prices Whigs Major Concerns: * Crime associated with immigrants Democrats Voter Support: * South and West * Urban workers Whigs Voter Support: * New England and Mid-Atlantic * Protestants of English heritage * Urban professionals (p. 198) | 20 | |
| 5373854129 | Monroe Doctrine | An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158) |  | 21 |
| 5373854123 | Missouri Compromise | An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30. (p. 157) |  | 22 |
| 5374039072 | King Andrew | Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power. |  | 23 |
| 5373854161 | Nat Turner Rebellion | In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt. (p. 215) |  | 24 |
| 5373854057 | Marbury v. Madison | A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134) |  | 25 |
| 5373854194 | American System (including supporters and critics) | Henry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives proposed this system to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: To promote American manufacturing and raise revenue to build a national system of roads and canals. In 1816 Congress adopted a protective tariff. * National Bank: To provide a national currency and keep the system running smoothly. In 1816 the Second Bank of the United State was chartered. * Internal Improvements: Presidents Madison and Monroe believed that the Constitution did not allow the federal government to spend of roads and canals. Thus, the states were left to make improvements on their own. (p. 152) |  | 26 |
| 5373854110 | The Lowell Mill Factory | The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. The were housed in company dormitories near the mills. (p. 163) |  | 27 |
| 5374058192 | Reasons for Slavery (both north and south) | In the South, the cotton gin arrived in 1793. This led to the cotton boom which required more slaves to pick cotton. The number of slaves increased from 1 million in 1800 to 4 million in 1860. Slaves were required to do whatever work their owners demanded. In the North, there were no cotton fields and slavery was never accepted there. (p. 178) |  | 28 |
| 5373854278 | Seneca Falls Convention | In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214) |  | 29 |
| 5373854246 | transcendentalists | They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209) |  | 30 |
| 5373854010 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | In 1799, Democratic-Republican leaders passed resolutions in two state legislatures that challenged federal laws enacted by the Federalist party. The states argued that they had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117) |  | 31 |
| 5373854204 | John C. Calhoun | Andrew Jackson's vice president. He advanced the nullification theory, each state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196) |  | 32 |
| 5373854175 | Trail of Tears | In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march. (p. 196) |  | 33 |
| 5373854089 | Hartford Convention (1814) | In December 1814, a special convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141) |  | 34 |
| 5374078044 | strict v loose interpretation of the Constitution | Since it was drafted in 1787 the Constitution has been a subject of controversy. The dispute between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the proper powers of the federal government has never been completely resolved and continues to this day. (p. 118) |  | 35 |
