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| 12872971157 | Henry IV (France) | Sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvanists, converted to Catholicism for the sake of solidifying his power. His rule saw increasing emphasis on national sovereignty. | 0 | |
| 12872971158 | Henry VIII (England) | A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. (1491-1547) | 1 | |
| 12872971159 | Charles V, Holy Roman Empire | Was ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1506. | 2 | |
| 12872971160 | Philip II | King of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) ... king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC) | 3 | |
| 12872971161 | Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand | A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. | 4 | |
| 12872971162 | James I | King of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. | 5 | |
| 12872971163 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. | 6 | |
| 12872971164 | Oliver Cromwell | Was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was born into the middle gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. | 7 | |
| 12872971165 | Charles II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. | 8 | |
| 12872971166 | James II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary (later, Mary II) and her husband, William of Orange. | 9 | |
| 12872971167 | William and Mary | Ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II. | 10 | |
| 12872971168 | Jean Bodin | Was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology. | 11 | |
| 12872971169 | Cardinal Richelieu | Was the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants. | 12 | |
| 12872971170 | Louis XIV | Ruled 1643-1715, King of France, his reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies. | 13 | |
| 12872971171 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Was a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself. | 14 | |
| 12872971172 | Thirty Years War | A war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants. | 15 | |
| 12872971173 | War of the Spanish Succession | A war (1701-14) fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain. | 16 | |
| 12872971174 | Maritime Empires | A state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea (such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities) or a sea-borne empire. | 17 | |
| 12872971175 | Sepoys | An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. | 18 | |
| 12872971176 | Huguenots | A French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France. | 19 | |
| 12872971177 | Clunaic Reforms | Were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor. | 20 | |
| 12872971178 | Simony | The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices. | 21 | |
| 12872971179 | Anglican Church | The Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. | 22 | |
| 12872971180 | Johannes Kepler | Was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. | 23 | |
| 12872971181 | Francis Bacon | Was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. | 24 | |
| 12872971182 | Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) | 25 | |
| 12872971183 | Sir Isaac Newton | English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727). | 26 | |
| 12872971184 | Michaelangelo | Was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. | 27 | |
| 12872971185 | Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519. Italian painter, engineer, and scientist. | 28 | |
| 12872971186 | John Locke | A seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it. | 29 | |
| 12872971187 | Adam Smith | Is one of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history. | 30 | |
| 12872971188 | Edict of Nates | Signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. | 31 | |
| 12872971189 | Peace of Westaphilia | Was a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence. | 32 |
