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| 12874903838 | Italian Peninsula | One of the three peninsulas of Southern Europe (the other two being the Iberian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula), spanning 1,000 km from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. | 0 | |
| 12874903839 | Immigration | The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. | 1 | |
| 12874903840 | Conservatism | Belief in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society, dislike of change or new ideas in a particular area. | 2 | |
| 12874903841 | Deism | Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. | 3 | |
| 12874903842 | Romanticism | A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. | 4 | |
| 12874903843 | Nationalism | Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. | 5 | |
| 12874903844 | Mary Wollstonecraft | An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. | 6 | |
| 12874903845 | Voltaire | French writer, playwright, and poet; He was a leading figure of the Enlightenment, and frequently came into conflict with the Establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings. | 7 | |
| 12874903846 | Salons | An assembly of guests in such a room, especially an assembly, common during the 17th and 18th centuries, consisting of the leaders in society, art, politics, etc. | 8 | |
| 12874903847 | Liberals | Believing that government should be active in supporting social and political change. | 9 | |
| 12874903848 | Samuel Coleridge | An English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. | 10 | |
| 12874903849 | Jose Hernandez | An Argentine journalist, poet, and politician best known as the author of the epic poem Martín Fierro. | 11 | |
| 12874903850 | First Estate | The Church (clergy) | 12 | |
| 12874903851 | Second Estate | Nobility | 13 | |
| 12874903852 | Third Estate | The commons, the French bourgeoisie and working class before the French Revolution. | 14 | |
| 12874903853 | Bourgeoisie | The middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes. | 15 | |
| 12874903854 | Tennis Court Oath | When members of the National Assembly vowed to "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established." | 16 | |
| 12874903855 | Bastille | A fortress in Paris that played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. | 17 | |
| 12874903856 | Olympe de Gouges | A French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. | 18 | |
| 12874903857 | Primogeniture | The right, by law or custom, of the legitimate, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives. | 19 | |
| 12874903858 | Maroons | A member of any of various communities in parts of the Caribbean who were originally descended from escaped slaves. | 20 | |
| 12874903859 | Creoles | people of pure Spanish blood who were born in America | 21 | |
| 12874903860 | Mestizos | A man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. | 22 | |
| 12874903861 | Peninsulares | A Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies. | 23 | |
| 12874903862 | Zionism | A movement for the re-establishment and the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. | 24 | |
| 12874903863 | Emile Zola | A French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. | 25 | |
| 12874903864 | Edmund Burke | An Irish statesman born in Dublin, as well as an author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher who, after moving to London, served as a member of parliament for many years in the House of Commons with the Whig Party. | 26 | |
| 12874903865 | John Locke | A seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it. | 27 | |
| 12874903866 | Social Contract | An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. | 28 | |
| 12874903867 | Baron Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers. | 29 | |
| 12874903868 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. | 30 | |
| 12874903869 | Thomas Paine | A patriot and author in the Revolutionary War, whose pamphlets, such as Common Sense and the American Crisis series, urged American independence. He took part in the French Revolution and wrote The Rights of Man to defend it against the criticisms of Edmund Burke. | 31 | |
| 12874903870 | The Age of Reason | 1 : the time of life when one begins to be able to distinguish right from wrong. 2 : a period characterized by a prevailing belief in the use of reason; especially : the 18th century in England and France. | 32 | |
| 12874903871 | Declaration of Independence | The formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. | 33 | |
| 12874903872 | United States Constitution | A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. | 34 | |
| 12874903873 | Separation of Powers | An act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies. | 35 | |
| 12874903874 | Checks and Balances | Counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups. | 36 | |
| 12874903875 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights. | 37 | |
| 12874903876 | Code Napoleon | Is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. | 38 | |
| 12874903877 | Balance of Power | A situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power. | 39 | |
| 12874903878 | Philosophes | The intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. | 40 | |
| 12874903879 | Theodor Herzl | Hungarian-born Austrian Jewish writer and journalist: founder of the political Zionist movement. | 41 | |
| 12874903880 | Napoleon Bonaparte | A French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. | 42 | |
| 12874903881 | King Louis XVI | King of France (1774-1792). He summoned the Estates-General to undertake fiscal reforms, an event that eventually led to the French Revolution. He was convicted of treason by the revolutionary government and executed in 1793. | 43 | |
| 12874903882 | Maximilien Robespierre | A French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. | 44 | |
| 12874903883 | Tsar Alexander I | Tsar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon. | 45 | |
| 12874903884 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | The best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. | 46 | |
| 12874903885 | Miguel Hidalgo | Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary leader who is called the father of Mexican independence. | 47 | |
| 12874903886 | Benito Juarez | Mexican statesman and resistance leader against the French. After defeating the Austrian would-be emperor Maximilian, he instituted numerous liberal reforms as president. | 48 | |
| 12874903887 | Archduke Maximilian | The only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire. | 49 | |
| 12874903888 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru 1821-22. | 50 | |
| 12874903889 | Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825. | 51 | |
| 12874903890 | Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour | An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. | 52 | |
| 12874903891 | Giuseppe Mazzini | An Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement. | 53 | |
| 12874903892 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state. | 54 | |
| 12874903893 | Otto van Bismarck | A conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. | 55 | |
| 12874903894 | Levee en Masse | The policy of forced mass military conscription of all able-bodied, unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 adopted in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789. | 56 | |
| 12874903895 | Congress of Vienna | A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. | 57 | |
| 12874903896 | Klemens von Metternich | An Austrian nobleman and political leader of the early nineteenth century; he was chancellor, or head, of the Austrian government for nearly forty years. | 58 | |
| 12874903897 | Haiti | Republic in the West Indies, on the western third of the island of Hispaniola, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Its capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince. | 59 | |
| 12874903898 | Conservatives | A person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics. | 60 | |
| 12874903899 | La Reforma | Initiated in Mexico following the ouster of conservative president Antonio López de Santa Anna by a group of liberals under the 1854 Plan de Ayutla. | 61 | |
| 12874903900 | Realpolitik | A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. | 62 | |
| 12874903901 | Dreyfus Affair | A political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. | 63 | |
| 12874903902 | Socialism | A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. | 64 | |
| 12874903903 | Physiocrats | A member of an 18th-century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. | 65 | |
| 12874903904 | Adam Smith | One of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history. | 66 | |
| 12874903905 | The Wealth of Nations | Literary piece of work authored by Adam Smith in 1776, which is considered one of the first written publications in the field of economics. | 67 | |
| 12874903906 | Laissez-faire | a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. | 68 | |
| 12874903907 | Utopian Socialism | Socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people. | 69 | |
| 12874903908 | Claude Henri de Saint-Simon | A French political and economic theorist and businessperson whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science. | 70 | |
| 12874903909 | Charles Fourier | A French philosopher and an influential early socialist thinker later associated with "utopian socialism". | 71 | |
| 12874903910 | Robert Owen | A Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland. | 72 | |
| 12874903911 | New Lanark | It was founded in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills and housing for the mill workers. | 73 | |
| 12874903912 | New Harmony | Founded in 1814 by the Harmony Society led by George Rapp, it was the site of a utopian community established by Robert Owen. The colony was known for its progressive educational, intellectual, and scientific ideas. | 74 | |
| 12874903913 | Louis Blanc | A French politician and historian. A socialist who favored reforms, he called for the creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor. | 75 | |
| 12874903914 | Fabian Society | A British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow. | 76 | |
| 12874903915 | Classical Liberalism | A political ideology that values the freedom of individuals — including the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets — as well as limited government. | 77 |
