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| 12891838357 | Muhammad Ali | Turkish soldier and viceroy of Egypt (1805-1848) who wrested control of Egypt from the weakening Ottoman Empire (1811) and established a modern state, over which his family ruled until 1952. | 0 | |
| 12891838358 | Selim III | The reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. | 1 | |
| 12891838359 | Mahmud II | The 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. | 2 | |
| 12891838360 | Qing Dynasty | The last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during this dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu. | 3 | |
| 12891838361 | Empress Cixi | The dowager empress of China (1861-1908) who was hostile to foreign influences in China and supported the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900). | 4 | |
| 12891838362 | Sun Yat-sen | Chinese politician who was elected provisional president of the republic after the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). He relinquished the presidency to Yuan Shikai (1912) but later opposed him and formed a military government in southern China. | 5 | |
| 12891838363 | Emperor Mutsuhito | Japanese emperor, who became the symbol for, and encouraged, the dramatic transformation of Japan from a feudal closed society into one of the great powers of the modern world. | 6 | |
| 12891838364 | Battle of Navarino | A naval battle fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821-32), in Navarino Bay (modern-day Pylos), on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea. | 7 | |
| 12891838365 | Janissaries | A member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries. | 8 | |
| 12891838366 | Conscription | Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces. | 9 | |
| 12891838367 | Cairo | The capital and largest city of Egypt. | 10 | |
| 12891838368 | Tanzimat | Literally meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. | 11 | |
| 12891838369 | Hatt-i Humayun | The diplomatics term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman sultan. | 12 | |
| 12891838370 | Congress of Berlin | A meeting of the representatives of the Great Powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany and the Ottoman Empire)[1] and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro), aiming at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan peninsula following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. | 13 | |
| 12891838371 | Russo-Turkish War | A conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, it originated in emerging 19th-century Balkan nationalism. | 14 | |
| 12891838372 | Extraterritoriality | The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. It can also be applied to physical places, such as foreign embassies, military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations. | 15 | |
| 12891838373 | Opium War | A war between Great Britain and China that began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium trade and ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges in the Treaty of Nanking. | 16 | |
| 12891838374 | Taiping Rebellion | A massive rebellion or civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864 fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the millenarian movement of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. | 17 | |
| 12891838375 | Self-Strengthening Movement | A period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers. | 18 | |
| 12891838376 | Concessions | A thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded. | 19 | |
| 12891838377 | The Three People's Principles | A political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. | 20 | |
| 12891838378 | Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) | Political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time since then | 21 | |
| 12891838379 | Treaty of Portsmouth | Formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, in the United States. | 22 | |
| 12891838380 | Meiji Era | A Japanese era which extended from October 23, 1868 through July 30, 1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudal society to its modern form. | 23 | |
| 12891838381 | Prefectures | A district under the government of a prefect. | 24 | |
| 12891838382 | Charter Oath | Promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on 7 April 1868. | 25 | |
| 12891838383 | Diet | Japanese legislature modeled after Germany. | 26 | |
| 12891838384 | Sino-Japanese War | The war (1894-95) between China and Japan over the control of Korea that resulted in the nominal independence of Korea and the Chinese cession to Japan of Formosa and the Pescadores. 2. the war that began in 1937 as a Japanese invasion of China and ended with the World War II defeat of Japan in 1945. | 27 | |
| 12891838385 | Wahhabis | A member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna, rejecting later innovations; the sect is still the predominant religious force in Saudi Arabia. | 28 | |
| 12891838386 | Fez | A flat-topped conical red hat with a black tassel on top, worn by men in some Muslim countries (formerly the Turkish national headdress). | 29 | |
| 12891838387 | Young Turks | A member of a revolutionary party in the Ottoman Empire who carried out the revolution of 1908 and deposed the sultan Abdul Hamid II. | 30 | |
| 12891838388 | Turkification | The transformation of entities, or cultures into the various historical Turkic states and cultures, such as the Ottoman Empire. | 31 | |
| 12891838389 | Lord Macartney | A British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat. He is often remembered for his observation following Britain's success in the Seven Years War and subsequent territorial expansion at the Treaty of Paris that Britain now controlled "a vast Empire, on which the sun never sets". | 32 | |
| 12891838390 | Kowtow | Kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom. | 33 | |
| 12891838391 | Boxer Rebellion | A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. | 34 | |
| 12891838392 | Millenarian Movement | The belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed. | 35 | |
| 12891838393 | Bushido | The code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. | 36 | |
| 12891838394 | Automatic Loom | Transformed the 19th century textile industry and became the inspiration for future calculating and tabulating machines. Developed by the French silk-weaver, Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), it used punch cards to control its operation. | 37 | |
| 12891838395 | Genros | Any of a group of elder male politicians of Japan who were formerly advisers to the emperor. | 38 | |
| 12891838396 | Capitulations | The action of surrendering or ceasing to resist an opponent or demand. | 39 | |
| 12891838397 | Opium | A reddish-brown heavy-scented addictive drug prepared from the juice of the opium poppy, used as a narcotic and in medicine as an analgesic. | 40 | |
| 12891838398 | Treaty of Nanking | A peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839-42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. | 41 | |
| 12891838399 | Spheres of Influence | A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. | 42 | |
| 12891838400 | Open Door Policy | A term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers. | 43 | |
| 12891838401 | Indentured Servants | A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country. | 44 | |
| 12891838402 | Commodore Matthew Perry | Commodore of the United States Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. | 45 | |
| 12891838403 | Zaibatsu | A large Japanese business conglomerate. | 46 |
