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| 8585458280 | Tigris and Euphrates | Rivers that flow south from modern-day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf | 0 | |
| 8585458281 | Mesopotamia | Greek word meaning "between rivers", "the cradle of civilization" | 1 | |
| 8585458282 | Fertile Crescent | Overlaps with Mesopotamia but also includes an area to the west, along the Mediterranean coast | 2 | |
| 8585458283 | Sumerians | A group of nomadic pastoralists | 3 | |
| 8585458284 | Sumer | Civilization that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations in the Middle East | 4 | |
| 8585458285 | Uruk | The largest city in Sumer, with a population of 50,000 | 5 | |
| 8585458286 | City-state | An independent city with its own form of government | 6 | |
| 8585458287 | Polytheistic | Worshiping many gods | 7 | |
| 8585458288 | Ziggurats | Large Stepped Pyramids | 8 | |
| 8585458289 | Cuneiform | The world's first writing system | 9 | |
| 8585458290 | Scribes | People who were skilled at cuneiform and were charged with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths | 10 | |
| 8585458291 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | Possibly the oldest written story on earth | 11 | |
| 8585458292 | Babylonians | Persian people who invaded and took control of Mesopotamia | 12 | |
| 8585458293 | Empire | A large territory that included diverse cultural groups | 13 | |
| 8585458294 | Hammurabi | The Babylonian's most powerful king | 14 | |
| 8585458295 | Code of Hammurabi | 282 laws carved into stone monuments, their main purpose was to protect people's rights | 15 | |
| 8585458296 | Astronomy | The study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere | 16 | |
| 8585458297 | Astrology | Predicting the future by studying the movements of stars and planets | 17 | |
| 8585458298 | Phoenicians | Occupied parts of present-day Lebanon, Israel and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E. | 18 | |
| 8585458299 | Carthage | A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa that became a significant outpost in the region | 19 | |
| 8585458300 | Alphabetic script | A system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech | 20 | |
| 8585458301 | Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews | Lived in the region of Canaan--present-day Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon | 21 | |
| 8585458302 | Abraham | Founded Canaan; Jews, Christians, and Muslims all trace their religious heritage back to him | 22 | |
| 8585458303 | Moses | Led the Hebrew people out of Egypt | 23 | |
| 8585458304 | Ten Commandments | A code of conduct that became very influential in areas dominated by Christianity | 24 | |
| 8585458305 | Jewish Diaspora | The spreading of Jews throughout the Mediterranean world and the Middle East | 25 | |
| 8585458307 | Sahara | A desert in northern Africa | 26 | |
| 8585458308 | Kalahari | A desert in southern Africa | 27 | |
| 8585458309 | Nile River | A river that begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Mediterranean Sea | 28 | |
| 8585458310 | Desertification | The creation of desert-like conditions | 29 | |
| 8585458311 | King Menes | United upper and lower Egypt | 30 | |
| 8585458312 | Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom | Three longs periods of stability in Egyptian history | 31 | |
| 8585458313 | Pharaoh | King or Queen leading Egyptian government | 32 | |
| 8585458314 | Theocrats | Rulers holding both religious and political power | 33 | |
| 8585458315 | Hyksos | Pastoral nomadic people from modern Syria who invaded Egypt, ending the Middle Kingdom | 34 | |
| 8585458316 | Akhenaton | The pharaoh who tried to change Egypt's religion during the New Kingdom | 35 | |
| 8585458317 | Aten | The sun god that Akhenaton wanted the Egyptian people to worship | 36 | |
| 8585458318 | Ramses the Great | A powerful pharaoh who expanded the Egyptian Empire into Southwest Asia | 37 | |
| 8585458319 | Hittites | Invaders of the Egyptian Empire during the end of the New Kingdom | 38 | |
| 8585458320 | Mummification | Removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth | 39 | |
| 8585458321 | Hieroglyphics | A form of picture-writing | 40 | |
| 8585458322 | Papyrus | A type of plant that was used to create an early form of paper | 41 | |
| 8585458323 | Book of the Dead | A paper book that Egyptians put in the coffins of dead pharaohs and some nobles; each version of the book was different since it told the story of the dead person | 42 | |
| 8585458324 | Nubia | A kingdom in the Upper Nile Valley that was heavily influenced by Egyptian culture | 43 | |
| 8585458325 | Kush | An important kingdom economically; After Nubia fell to decline, it reemerged as this kingdom | 44 | |
| 8585458326 | Axum | A kingdom founded on the plateau ofpresent-day Ethiopia; had an agricultural economy, Christianity was the official religion | 45 | |
| 8585458327 | Indus River Valley | Home to the indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent | 46 | |
| 8585458328 | Dravidians | The indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent | 47 | |
| 8585458329 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | Two sophisticated urban centers in the Indus River Valley | 48 | |
| 8585458330 | Environmental degradation | Damage to or destruction of the natural environment | 49 | |
| 8585458331 | Deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves | 50 | |
| 8585458332 | Aryans | Indo-European-speaking peoples originally from Central Asia | 51 | |
| 8585458333 | Barter | A system by which one thing is exchanged for another | 52 | |
| 8585458334 | Sanskirt | The sacred language of the Aryans | 53 | |
| 8585458335 | Hindi | Official language of India, Sanskirt evolved into this | 54 | |
| 8585458336 | Indo-European | Overarching group of languages including English, French, Latin, and Greek Largest language family 48% of the world | 55 | |
| 8585458337 | Vedas | A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs | 56 | |
| 8585458338 | Rig-Veda | Outlined proper priestly (brahmin) behavior | 57 | |
| 8585458339 | Vedic Age | Age marked by the Aryans' growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs | 58 | |
| 8585458340 | Upanishads | A foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism | 59 | |
| 8585458341 | Brahmin | Priests | 60 | |
| 8585458342 | Brahma | An overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth | 61 | |
| 8585458343 | Dharma | To escape the seemingly endless cycle of birth and rebirth, one must perform righteous duties and deeds, known as one's: | 62 | |
| 8585458344 | Karma | One's fate | 63 | |
| 8585458345 | Moksha | Eternal peace and unity with brahma | 64 | |
| 8585458346 | Huang He (Yellow) and Chiang Jiang (Yangtze) | Two major rivers in China | 65 | |
| 8585458347 | Loess | A type of fertile soil that is yellow in color | 66 | |
| 8585458348 | Xia Dynasty | Not much is known about this dynasty It began with Yu passing power to his son Qi | 67 | |
| 8585458349 | Dynasty | A series of rulers who all belong to the same family | 68 | |
| 8585458350 | Shang Dynasty | The kings in this dynasty wielded tremendous economic and religious power | 69 | |
| 8585458351 | Ancestor Veneration | The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China. | 70 | |
| 8585458352 | Pictographs | Pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing | 71 | |
| 8585458353 | Zhou dynasty | Longest dynasty in Chinese history | 72 | |
| 8585458354 | Golden Age | The first 200 years of the Zhou rule, a period in society of relative peace, prosperity, and innovation | 73 | |
| 8585458355 | Mandate of Heaven | In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority | 74 | |
| 8585458356 | Feudalism | A system of government based on landowners and tenants | 75 | |
| 8585458357 | Maize | Corn | 76 | |
| 8585458358 | Mesoamerica | Central America and what is now Mexico | 77 | |
| 8585458359 | Chavin civilization | A civilization along the coast of Peru | 78 | |
| 8585458360 | Solder | To weld, fuse or join, as with a soldering gun | 79 | |
| 8585458361 | Olmec | The foundation of several advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica | 80 | |
| 8585458362 | Glyphs | Pictures and symbols of real objects, used as a form of writing | 81 | |
| 8585458363 | Oceania | The vast region in the Pacific Ocean that includes New Guinea, Australia, and more than a thousand other islands | 82 | |
| 8585458364 | Austronesian-speaking people | Originated in southern China and later moved to Taiwan and the Philippines, Introduced agriculture to the people of New Guinea | 83 | |
| 8585458365 | Aboriginals | Australian natives who remained hunter-foragers | 84 | |
| 8585458366 | Polynesia | A chain of South Pacific islands that includes Samoa, Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand | 85 | |
| 8585458367 | Easter Island | An example of how humans can degrade ecosystems to a point that civilization collapses | 86 | |
| 8585458368 | Nihilism | The rejection of moral or ethical principles | 87 |
