Nadia Al-Khasawneh's Flashcards for Amsco Chapters 7-11 Test
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| 1090875458 | Thomas Jefferson | Democratic-Republican who served as the 3rd president. | 1 | |
| 1090875459 | John Marshall | A Federalist judge who was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the final months of Adams' presidency. | 2 | |
| 1090875460 | Aaron Burr | Democratic-Republican who served as the vice-president for Jefferson's first term in office and also killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. | 3 | |
| 1090875461 | Barbary Pirates | Pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa. Jefferson refused to pay them tribute to protect American ships which sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations. | 4 | |
| 1090875462 | James Madison | Democratic-Republican who served as Secretary of State for Jefferson and the 4th president. | 5 | |
| 1090875463 | Tecumseh | Chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlers. | 6 | |
| 1090875464 | Henry Clay | War hawk from Kentucky. | 7 | |
| 1090875465 | John C. Calhoun | War hawk from South Carolina. | 8 | |
| 1090875466 | Oliver Hazard Perry | American naval captain who led the fleet that defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. | 9 | |
| 1090875467 | Francis Scott Key | American lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812 which later became known as the Star Spangled Banner. | 10 | |
| 1090875468 | Andrew Jackson | 7th president of the US and general in the War of 1812 defeating the British at New Orleans. | 11 | |
| 1090875469 | Judicial Review | Gave the Supreme Court the power to decide whether or not an act by Congress or by the president is unconstitutional. | 12 | |
| 1090875470 | Neutrality | The state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict. | 13 | |
| 1090875471 | Impressments | British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service. | 14 | |
| 1090875472 | War Hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism and they wanted to take over British land in North America and expand. | 15 | |
| 1090875473 | "Old" Ironsides | One of the first three naval ships built by the US. Won numerous victories against British ships and became an icon by hanging iron off the side of the ship helping deflect British cannons. | 16 | |
| 1090875474 | Louisiana Purchase | Purchased from the French in 1803, doubled the size of the US and allowed for westward expansion. | 17 | |
| 1090875475 | Marbury v. Madison | In 1803, Jefferson ordered Madison not to deliver the commissions to the Federalists judges whom Adams had appointed. One of which was Marbury who sued for his commission. However, due to the fact that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, Marbury could not be given his commission. | 18 | |
| 1090875476 | Embargo Act | In 1807, in response to impressment, this bill ended all foreign trade with any foreign countries. | 19 | |
| 1090875477 | Nonintercourse Act | In 1809, allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France. | 20 | |
| 1090875478 | Macon's Bill #2 | In 1810, it forbade trade with Britain and France but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. | 21 | |
| 1090875479 | Treaty of Ghent | Signed Christmas Eve 1812, was a treaty between Great Britain and the United States that brought the War of 1812 to an end with neither sides being victorious. | 22 | |
| 1090875480 | Lewis & Clark Expedition | In 1804, Jefferson persuaded Congress to fund a scientific exploration led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark of the new and acquired Louisiana Territory. They reached the Oregon coast and then turned back and completed the journey in 1806. The results were increased geographic and scientific knowledge of previously unexplored country, strengthened U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory, improved relations with Native American tribes, and developed maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers. | 23 | |
| 1090875481 | Chesapeake-Leopard Affair | In 1807, a U.S. warship known as the Chesapeake was fired upon by British warship off the coast of Virginia. The result was 3 American deaths and high anti-British sentiment. | 24 | |
| 1090875482 | Battle of Tippecanoe | In 1811, Tecumseh tried to unite all the tribes in Mississippi against white settlers. The Americans, led by General William Harrison succeeded however resulting in the death of Tecumseh. | 25 | |
| 1090875483 | War of 1812 | Starting in 1812, a war between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1815 ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism. Ultimately caused from Britain's restrictions on U.S. westward movement and impressment of U.S. sailors. | 26 | |
| 1090875484 | Battle of Lake Erie | In 1813, the most important naval battle was fought between the U.S. and Britain on Lake Erie. The Americans, led by Oliver Hazard Perry were victorious. | 27 | |
| 1090875485 | Battle of New Orleans | In 1815, a large British invasion defeated by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism. | 28 | |
| 1090875486 | Hartford Convention | In 1814, called for one-term presidency and northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states and supported nullification. Ultimately led to the end of the Federalist Party. | 29 | |
| 1090875487 | James Monroe | Successor to Madison in 1816, won by a landslide. Wrote the Monroe Doctrine. Born in VA. Missouri Compromise. | 30 | |
| 1090875488 | Henry Clay | Proposed the American System. Consisted of three parts: 1) Protective Tariffs 2) a national bank to provide capital 3) internal improvements to unite the country. | 31 | |
| 1090875489 | John Marshall | Still Chief Justice and made many judicial decisions that further confirmed national power. | 32 | |
| 1090875490 | Andrew Jackson | Military governor of Florida and 7th president. He zealously took on the Florida campaign and destroyed Seminole villages and hanged people going beyond orders. | 33 | |
| 1090875491 | Robert Fulton | Created the first effective steamboat that sailed on the Hudson River. | 34 | |
| 1090875492 | Eli Whitney | Prelude to the assembly line. Whitney brilliantly discovered that making things exactly the same way was far more efficient in cost, production, and repair. Aided the Union during the Civil War. Invented the cotton gin. | 35 | |
| 1090875493 | Samuel Slater | Known as the father of American industry because he revealed Britain's secret of spinning thread effectively with machines. | 36 | |
| 1090875494 | Era of Good Feelings | Period between 1816-1819 where relative peace existed. It was marked by a spirit of nationalism, optimism, and good will. | 37 | |
| 1090875495 | Sectionalism | Loyalty to the interests of one's own region. | 38 | |
| 1090875496 | Protective Tariff | A tariff imposed not for revenue but to protect from foreign competition. | 39 | |
| 1090875497 | Implied Powers | Powers that are implied, not explicitly stated in the Constitution. | 40 | |
| 1090875498 | Erie Canal | Canal stretching from NY to the Great Lakes. | 41 | |
| 1090875499 | Lowell System | System where girls who were displaced by mass production, left their farms to work in factories spinning thread. | 42 | |
| 1090875500 | Specialization | A method of farming where you focus on one crop, usually a cash crop such as cotton. | 43 | |
| 1090875501 | Tariff of 1816 | First tariff whose sole purpose was the protection of industries. After the war of 1812, trade was reestablished with Britain. The America government feared that British goods would be dumped on American markets and take away much of their business. | 44 | |
| 1090875502 | 2nd Bank of the US | The first national bank's charter technically expired in 1811 so the Federal government established the second national bank in 1816. | 45 | |
| 1090875503 | Fletcher v. Peck | 1810, Supreme Court confirmed that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. First time Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional. | 46 | |
| 1090875504 | McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819, Maryland tried to put a tax on National Bank. Supreme Court declared that States could not tax federal institutions. Also established that the federal government could establish a National Bank through implied power. | 47 | |
| 1090875505 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward | 1819, New Hampshire wanted to make Dartmouth a public institution from a private one. Supreme Court declared that the State had no right to alter a contract for a private corporation. | 48 | |
| 1090875506 | Gibbons v. Ogden | 1821, Supreme Court established the Federal Governments control of interstate commerce. It refused to allow New York to have a monopoly to a steamboat company that would conflict with a charter by Congress. | 49 | |
| 1090875507 | Tallmadge Amendment | Submitted by James Tallmadge regarding the issue of slavery in Missouri in 1819. It called for no more importation of slaves into the state and the eventual emancipation of children born to slaves. | 50 | |
| 1090875508 | Missouri Compromise (1820) | North and South agreed to Clay's proposal that said Missouri was to be admitted as a slave-holding state and Maine as not a slave-holding state and in the rest of the Louisiana territory north of 36̊ 30', slavery was not allowed. | 51 | |
| 1090875509 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | 1817, major disarmament pact between America and Britain in the Great Lakes/Canadian border. | 52 | |
| 1090875510 | Treaty of 1818 | Between US and Britain. Did three things: 1) Shared fishing rights on Great lakes 2) joint occupation of Oregon territory for ten years. 3) Established US/Canada border on 49th parallel. | 53 | |
| 1090875511 | Florida Purchase Treaty | In 1819, in exchange for the US to assume $5 million in claims against Spain and to cede territory rights in the Texas area, America gets all of Florida. | 54 | |
| 1090875512 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823, decreed that no country can further colonize the new world or interfere with the Americas. | 55 | |
| 1090875513 | Lancaster Turnpike | In 1790s, the first major road that connected Philadelphia to Lancaster. | 56 | |
| 1090875514 | Cumberland Road | In 1811, it was one of the first major federal roads that connected Maryland to Illinois. | 57 | |
| 1090875515 | Panic of 1819 | In 1819, the Era of Good Feelings was fractured by the first major financial crisis since the ratification of the Constitution in the United States primarily due to the 2nd National Bank. The result was that many state banks closed, there was deflation, unemployment, bankruptcies, and people were imprisoned for debt. | 58 | |
| 1090875516 | Market Revolution | Mainly throughout the 19th century, specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism meant the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people all combined to bring about a revolution in the marketplace in the United States. The farmers fed the workers in the cities, who in turn provided farm families with an array of mass-produced goods. The result was that the standard of living increased for most Americans. | 59 | |
| 1090875517 | Daniel Webster | Leading statesmen during the antebellum period. Influential leader of Whig Party. | 60 | |
| 1090875518 | Cyrus McCormick | Invented the mechanical reaper. | 61 | |
| 1090875519 | John Deere | Invented the steel plow. | 62 | |
| 1090875520 | Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin and theory of interchangeable parts. | 63 | |
| 1090875521 | Denmark Vesey | Free black slaves who led a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822. | 64 | |
| 1090875522 | Nat Turner | US slave who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia. | 65 | |
| 1090875523 | Sectionalism | Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nations as a whole. | 66 | |
| 1090875524 | Urbanization | Movement of people from rural areas to cities. | 67 | |
| 1090875525 | Nativists | Those reacting most strongly against the foreigners, who also created the "Know-Nothing" party. | 68 | |
| 1090875526 | "Peculiar Institution" | The South's uneasiness with slaves being human beings and the continual need to defend slavery caused them to refer to slavery as this. | 69 | |
| 1090875527 | Slave Codes | Laws in each Us state during the 1800s, which defined the status of slaves and the rights of masters. These codes gave slave-owners absolute power over the enslaved Africans. | 70 | |
| 1090875528 | Industrial Revolution | During the 1830s, manufacturing was rapidly expanding in America. The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production meant that large numbers of people who used to work as independent farmers and artisans became dependent on wages paid by factory owners. The result of this was organized labor unions, periods of depression, hostile cases between employers and workers, and an abundant supply of cheap immigrant labor. | 71 | |
| 1090875529 | Potato Famine | During the 1840s, potato crop failures and famine in Ireland led to large amounts of Irish immigrants to come to the US. The result was strong discrimination mainly because of their religion but by the 1850s, they had secured jobs and influence and by the 1880s, controlled New York City's Democratic organization. | 72 | |
| 1090875530 | Formation of the American Party | During the 1850s, Americans formed a new political party was formed called the Know-Nothing Party. The Political Party nominated candidates for office. | 73 | |
| 1090875531 | Slave Rebellions (Prosser, Vesey, Turner) | During the late 1700s to early 1800s, several slaves tried to rebel against slavery in the south. One led by Prosser, another by Vesey, and finally by Turner, all were suppressed resulting in the death of many slaves. | 74 | |
| 1090875532 | Anti-Masonic Party | A 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party. | 75 | |
| 1090875533 | Workingmen's Party | The first Marxist-influenced political party, formed in 1876, when a congress of socialists from around the United States met in Philadelphia in an attempt to unify their political power. | 76 | |
| 1090875534 | John Quincy Adams | 6th President of the United States. Won the decision from the House of Reps. | 77 | |
| 1090875535 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." | 78 | |
| 1090875536 | Andrew Jackson | Indian removal act, nullification crisis, and nickname: "Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, and trail of tears. | 79 | |
| 1090875537 | John C. Calhoun | Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights. | 80 | |
| 1090875538 | Nicholas Biddle | Aristocratic President of the Bank of the United States. He was Andrew Jackson's nemesis in the so-called "Bank War." | 81 | |
| 1090875539 | Martin van Buren | Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836. | 82 | |
| 1090875540 | William Henry Harrison | The ninth President of the United States, an American military officer, politician, and the first president to die in office after getting pneumonia from his inauguration speech out in the cold. | 83 | |
| 1090875541 | John Tyler | Referred to as "His Accidency," became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency after Harrison died of pneumonia less than a month after taking office, became the 10th president of the US. | 84 | |
| 1090875542 | Universal Male Suffrage | System of voting where all white males, regardless of status, were allowed to vote. | 85 | |
| 1090875543 | Party Nominating Convention | Where party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates (Anti-Masonic Party was the first to do such a thing), replaced the king caucus. | 86 | |
| 1090875544 | Spoils System | The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power. | 87 | |
| 1090875545 | Rotation in Office | First practiced by Andrew Jackson, it was the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. | 88 | |
| 1090875546 | Pet Banks | Any of a group of state banks selected as depositories of federal funds removed from the U.S. Bank during the first Jacksonian administration. | 89 | |
| 1090875547 | Specie Circular | Required land to be bought with gold and silver instead of paper money. | 90 | |
| 1090875548 | Tariff of 1828 | A high tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods. Also called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners. | 91 | |
| 1090875549 | Indian Removal Act | Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land and exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant and often forcible emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. | 92 | |
| 1090875550 | Proclamation to the People of SC | Written at the height of the Nullification Crisis, the proclamation directly responded to the Ordinance of Nullification passed by the South Carolina legislature in 1832. Its purpose was to subdue the Nullification Crisis created by South Carolina's ordinance and to denounce the doctrine of nullification. | 93 | |
| 1090875551 | Force Bill (Andrew Jackson) | Passed in 1833 in response to South Carolina's ordinance of nullification, it empowered President Jackson to use the army and navy to enforce the laws of Congress if necessary. | 94 | |
| 1090875552 | Election of 1824 | Had four running candidates for president: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William Crawford. Jackson won the greatest number of popular votes and most electoral votes but since there were four candidates, he didn't have majority. So the decision was sent to the House of Representatives where they chose from the top three candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford. Henry Clay used his influence to help JQA win the election and was appointed Secretary of State. Jackson accused Adams and Clay of making a "corrupt bargain." | 95 | |
| 1090875553 | Revolution of 1828 | Election of 1828. The running candidates for president were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. There was an increased turnout of voters at this election. The large turnout proved that the common people now had the vote and the will to use it for their ends. The results of the election show that the political center of gravity was shifting away from the conservative seaboard East toward the emerging states across the mountains. The revolution was peaceful, achieved by ballots. | 96 | |
| 1090875554 | Peggy Eaton Affair | Social scandal in 1829. John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet. Especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun who was the vice president at the time, who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson. | 97 | |
| 1090875555 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. More than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116 day journey. | 98 | |
| 1090875556 | Nullification Crisis | A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It was an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law. The cause of this was the tariff of 1828. | 99 | |
| 1090875557 | Battle over the 2nd Bank of the US | The efforts to renew the Bank's charter put the institution at the center of the general election of 1832, in which Nicholas Biddle and pro-Bank National Republicans led by Henry Clay clashed with the "hard-money". Jackson fearing that the bank served the interests of the wealthy, believed the bank to be unconstitutional and vetoed it. Failing to secure recharter, the Second Bank of the United States became a private corporation in 1836, and underwent liquidation in 1841. | 100 | |
| 1090875558 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic arose in 1837. Result was that the bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | 101 | |
| 1090875559 | "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign | It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man by handing out hard cider for voters to drink and buttons and hats to wear. The result was Harrison won the election but died only a month later. | 102 | |
| 1090875560 | Timothy Dwight | American Congregationalist minister, theologian, educator, and author. He was the eighth president of Yale College, from 1795 to 1817. | 103 | |
| 1090875561 | Joseph Smith | Founder of the Church of the Latter-Day Saints and based his religious thinking on the Book of Mormon. | 104 | |
| 1090875562 | Brigham Young | Led Mormons to the far western frontier to escape persecution where they established the New Zion in Utah. | 105 | |
| 1090875563 | Emerson, Thoreau, Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne | American writers during the early and mid-1800s. | 106 | |
| 1090875564 | George Ripley | Protestant minister who launched a communal experiment at Brook Farm in 1841. | 107 | |
| 1090875565 | Margaret Fuller | A feminist writer and editor. | 108 | |
| 1090875566 | Robert Owen | A Welsh industrialist who practiced the secular experiment in New Harmony, Indiana. | 109 | |
| 1090875567 | Horace Greeley | American journalist with political ambitions. | 110 | |
| 1090875568 | Dorothea Dix | A former schoolteacher from Massachusetts who dedicated her adult life to improving conditions for emotionally disturbed persons. | 111 | |
| 1090875569 | Thomas Gallaudet | Founded a school for the deaf. | 112 | |
| 1090875570 | Samuel Gridley Howe | Founded a school for the blind. | 113 | |
| 1090875571 | Horace Mann | Leading advocate of the common public school movement who worked to improve schools, compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation. | 114 | |
| 1090875572 | William McGuffey | A Pennsylvania teacher who created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools. | 115 | |
| 1090875573 | Sarah & Angelina Grimke | Sisters who objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. | 116 | |
| 1090875574 | Lucretia Mott | Campaigned for women's rights after they had been barred from speaking at an antislavery convention. | 117 | |
| 1090875575 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Campaigned for women's rights after they had been barred from speaking at an antislavery convention. | 118 | |
| 1090875576 | Susan B. Anthony | Led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women. | 119 | |
| 1090875577 | William Lloyd Garrison | Started an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, an event that marks the beginning of the radical abolitionist newspaper. | 120 | |
| 1090875578 | Frederick Douglass | Former slave who spoke about the brutality and degradation of slavery. | 121 | |
| 1090875579 | Harriet Tubman | Helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the North or to Canada, where slavery was prohibited. | 122 | |
| 1090875580 | Sojourner Truth | Helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the North or to Canada, where slavery was prohibited. | 123 | |
| 1090875581 | Nat Turner | A Virginia slave who led a revolt against their "masters" killing 55 whites. | 124 | |
| 1090875582 | Antebellum Period | Period before the Civil War. | 125 | |
| 1090875583 | Revivalism | Charles G. Finney appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation and persuaded thousands to publicly declare their revived faith. | 126 | |
| 1090875584 | Millennialism | William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date that the world will end with the second coming of Christ. | 127 | |
| 1090875585 | Temperance | Due to the high rate of alcohol consumption, the American Temperance Society was founded. They tried to persuade drinkers not just to moderate their drinking but to take a pledge of total abstinence. | 128 | |
| 1090875586 | Penitentiaries | New prisons in Pennsylvania where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent. High rate of prisoner suicides caused the end of the system. | 129 | |
| 1090875587 | Abolitionism | A movement to end slavery. | 130 | |
| 1090875588 | Second Great Awakening | From about 1800 to the 1830s, it was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. It also encouraged an eager effervescent evangelicalism that later reappeared in American life in causes dealing with prison reform, temperance, women's suffrage, and the crusade to abolish slavery. | 131 | |
| 1090875589 | Seneca Falls Convention | Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. At the end of their first convention, they issued a document modeled after the Declaration of Independence in which they called the Declaration of Sentiments declaring that all men and women are created equal and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them. Resulted in women campaigns over the issue of women's rights but was overshadowed by the crisis over slavery. | 132 | |
| 1090875590 | Church of Latter Day Saints | Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, based his religious thinking on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel. | 133 | |
| 1090875591 | Shakers | One of the earliest religious communal movements, they held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate and lacked new recruits leading to their extinction. | 134 | |
| 1090875592 | Hudson River School | Established in the 1830s, expressed the romantic age's fascination with the natural world. | 135 | |
| 1090875593 | American Temperance Society | Founded in 1826, Protestant ministers and others persuaded drinkers not just to moderate their drinking but to take a pledge of total abstinence. | 136 | |
| 1090875594 | Washingtonians | Started in 1840 by recovering alcoholics, argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment. | 137 | |
| 1090875595 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | Organized by women who were concerned about the destructive power of alcohol and the problems it was causing their families and society, they met in churches to pray and then marched to the saloons to ask the owners to close their establishments. | 138 | |
| 1090875596 | American Colonization Society | Established in 1817, goal was to resettle African Americans in West Africa. | 139 | |
| 1090875597 | American Antislavery Society | Was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. They argued for no Union with slaveholders until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves. | 140 | |
| 1090875598 | Liberty Party | Formed by a group of northerners in 1840, they ran James Birney as their candidate for president in 1840 and 1844. They party's one campaign pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means. | 141 | |
| 1090875599 | American Peace Society | Founded in 1828 with the objective of abolishing war. It influenced some New England reformers to oppose the later Mexican War. | 142 |
