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AMSCO "Key Names, Events, and Terms" Chapters 1-5

Every AMSCO "Key Names, Events, and Terms" in the first five chapters.

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25182310Native AmericansThe first humans to make a showing in the Americas.
25182311land bridgeThe way that the first people may have arrived in the Americas. It connected Siberia and Alaska around 40,000 years ago.
25182312Sioux, Pawnee, Pueblo, IroquoisLarge North American Native American tribes.
25182313Mayas, Incas, AztecsThe three Native American cultures that built large cities in Central or South America.
25182314RenaissanceEuropean rebirth of classical learning and outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the late 1400s/early 1500s.
25182315technologyMajor changes in this occurred during the Renaissance.
25182316compassAdopted from the Arabs, who adopted it from the Chinese, this item allowed navigation to become much more precise.
25182317printing pressInvention of this aided the spread of knowledge across Europe.
25182318SpainCountry that funded Columbus' voyages. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.
25182319The MoorsDriven out of Spain by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492.
25182320Ferdinand and IsabellaCatholic monarchs of Spain during Columbus' voyages.
25182321Protestant ReformationSeries of revolts against the authority of the Pope in northern Europe.
25182322tradeMajor incentive for exploration.
25182323PortugalCountry the the west of Spain; ruled by Henry the Navigator. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.
25182324Henry the NavigatorPortuguese monarch who sponsored many exploratory voyages.
25182325nation-stateA country in which the majority of people share a common culture and common loyalties toward a central government.
25182326Christopher ColumbusDiscovered lands across the Atlantic Ocean (the Americas).
25182327New WorldThe Americas, as referred to by the Europeans until someone came up with a better name.
25182328Amerigo VespucciExplored the east coast of South America; the person that America gets its name from.
25182329papal line of demarcationDetermined which lands the Spanish had a claim to and which lands the Portuguese had a claim to. Draw straight down a map of the world by the Pope.
25182330Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)Treaty that moved the papal line of demarcation a few degrees to the west.
25182331Pedro Alvares CabralHis explorations established Portugal's claim to Brazil.
25182332Vasco Nunez de BalboaCrossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean.
25182333Juan Ponce de LeonDiscovered Florida while searching for the mythical fountain of youth.
25182334Ferdinand MagellanOne of his ships was the first to ever circumnavigate the globe.
25182335Hernan CortesConquered the Aztec Empire.
25182336Francisco PizarroConquered the Inca Empire.
25182337Francisco Vasquez de CoronadoExplored a vast swath of North America from present-day New Mexico to Kansas.
25182338Hernando de SotoExplored from Florida westward to the Mississippi.
25182339conquistadoresConquerors of the New World.
25182340asiento systemSystem that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.
25182341John CabotExplored the coast of Newfoundland for England. Gave grounds to the earliest English claims to the New World.
25182342Giovanni de VerrazanoSearched for a northwest passage to the Pacific for the French.
25182343Jacques CartierExplored the St. Lawrence River for the French.
25182344Samuel de ChamplainEstablished the first permanent French settlement (Quebec) in the New World. Regarded as the "Father of New France."
25182345Father Jacques MarquetteExplored the upper Mississippi River with Louis Jolliet.
25182346Robert de la SalleExplored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana.
25182347Henry HudsonExplored the Hudson River for the Dutch.
25182348joint-stock companyEnglish method of pooling the resources of people of moderate means in order to support potentially profitable trading ventures.
25182349Father Junipero SerraFounded the mission chain in Alta California.
25182350Virginia CompanyJoint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in the Americas.
25182351JamestownThe first permanent English colony in the Americas.
25182352Captain John SmithForcefully led the people of Jamestown away from starvation.
25182353John RolfeEstablished Jamestown's tobacco industry.
25182354PocahontasJohn Rolfe's American Indian wife.
25182355royal colonyA colony under the direct control of a monarch.
25182356PuritansWanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic influences. Frequently persecuted in England.
25182357Plymouth colonyColony established by the Pilgrims.
25182358SeparatistsPuritans with ambitions of creating a completely new Christian church outside of the Anglican Church, rather than reforming the Anglican Church.
25182359PilgrimsSeparatists who set sail for America.
25182360MayflowerThe boat that the Pilgrims sailed upon.
25182361Mayflower CompactDocument that pledged the Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority.
25182362Massachusetts Bay ColonyColony founded by non-Separatist Puritans.
25182363John WinthropLed about a thousand Puritans to found Boston and several other towns.
25182364Great MigrationWhen some 15,000 settlers ran to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to escape the English Civil War.
25182365Virginia House of BurgessesThe first representative assembly in America.
25182366corporate coloniesColonies operated by joint-stock companies.
25182367royal coloniesColonies under the direct rule of a monarch.
25182368proprietary coloniesColonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.
25182369Chesapeake coloniesColonial Virginia and Maryland.
25182370George Calvert, aka Lord BaltimoreWas given control over Maryland by the English king. Was Catholic.
25182371Cecil Calvert, aka Lord BaltimoreThe son of the first Lord Baltimore. Attempted to further his dead father's plans.
25182372Act of Toleration (1649)The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.
25182373VirginiaThe first of England's colonies.
25182374Sir William BerkeleyRoyal governor of Virginia from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677.
25182375indentured servantSomeone who came to America by agreeing to work for nothing but room and board for four to seven years.
25182376headright systemSystem under which Virginia offered 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrant's passage to America.
25182377slaveryPractice that started in the mid-1600s in Virginia.
25182378Roger WilliamsA Puritan, exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Providence.
25182379Bacon's RebellionPoor gentleman farmer who rebelled against Berkeley's government. Led an army of poor white man-virgins from the hills. Died of dysentery.
25182380ProvidenceColony founded by Roger Williams.
25182381Anne HutchinsonDissident who was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Portsmouth.
25182382antinomianismThe idea that faith alone (not good deeds) is necessary for salvation.
25182383Rhode IslandCreated through the joining of Providence and Portsmouth. Offered religious freedom for all.
25182384Thomas HookerLed a large group of disgruntled Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Valley to found Hartford.
25182385Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)The first written constitution in American history.
25182386John DavenportFounded New Haven.
25182387ConnecticutColony formed by the joining of New Haven and Hartford.
25182388New HampshireLast colony to be founded in New England.
25182389halfway covenantAllowed zeal-lacking second-generation Puritans to take part in church activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ.
25182390New England ConfederationMilitary alliance between the New England colonies. Created because of frequent attacks by Indians, the Dutch, and the French, and because England was in the throes of a civil war and wasn't going to send aid. Lasted until 1684.
25182391WampanoagsIndian tribe led by Metacom (aka King Philip).
25182392Metacom, aka King PhilipChief of the Wampanoags.
25182393King Philip's WarVicious Indian vs. New England Confederation conflict. Thousands dead, Indian resistance in New England virtually gone by the end of it.
25182394Restoration coloniesColonies founded during the period of English history known as the Restoration.
25182395the CarolinasGranted to eight nobles by Charles II as a reward for helping him gain the English throne.
25182396rice plantationsPlantations commonly found in mid-18th-century South Carolina. Worked by African slaves.
25182397tobacco farmsFrequently found in North Carolina. A lack of good transportation prevented these from growing into large plantations.
25182398New YorkTaken from the Dutch (who called it New Amsterdam) by the Duke of York.
25182399New JerseyDivided from New York by King James in 1664. The piece of land between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay.
25182400Peter StuyvesantLast Dutch governor of New Amsterdam.
25182401Pennsylvania"Paid" to William Penn by the crown in 1681 to repay a large debt owed him.
25182402QuakersPacifist Christians with highly radical beliefs.
25182403William PennYoung convert to the Quaker faith. Founded Pennsylvania.
25182404holy experimentWilliam Penn's plan to make Pennsylvania a place where persecuted peoples and liberal ideas could thrive.
25182405Frame of Government (1682-1683)Guaranteed Pennsylvanians a representative assembly elected by landowners.
25182406Charter of Liberties (1701)Guaranteed Pennsylvanians freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.
25182407DelawareCreated when William Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly.
25182408GeorgiaThe last colony to be chartered. Was created to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida and to serve as a penal colony.
25182409James OglethorpeFirst governor of Georgia. Led the founding of Savannah.
25184052mercantilismEconomic policy that looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength.
25184053Navigation ActsEnglish-implemented laws stating that 1.Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial crews on English or colonial ships. 2.All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3.Specific (or "enumerated") goods from the colonies could only be exported to England.
25184054Dominion of New EnglandThe result of King James' combining of various New England colonies into a single unit.
25184055Sir Edmund AndrosGovernor of the Dominion of New England.
25184056Glorious RevolutionSucceeded in deposing James and replacing him with William and Mary.
25184057triangular tradeTrade between the British colonies, West Africa, and the West Indies.
25184058slave tradeIncreased massively as the colonies shifted towards more labor-intensive crops and grew in size.
25184059Middle PassageThe route African-bearing ships took to get to the West Indies from West Africa.
25185886immigrantsThese people drastically increased the population of the colonies during the 1700s.
25185887English cultural dominationThis showed in that most colonists were English in language, origin, and tradition.
25185888self-governmentThis was common in the colonies, in that every colony had a representative assembly.
25185889religious tolerationAll of the colonies permitted the practice of differing religions, to varying degrees.
25185890hereditary aristocracyThis was not present in the colonies. Rather than birth being a social determinant, wealth was.
25185891social mobilityEveryone in colonial society (with the exception of African Americans) was able to improve their status through hard work.
25185892familiesThe economic and social center of colonial life.
25185893subsistence farmingThis practice was most common in the northern colonies. It provided just enough for a family to live off of.
25185894established churchAny church supported by taxes.
25185895Great AwakeningMovement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people.
25188087Jonathan EdwardsFiery Congregationalist minister in New England, initiated the Great Awakening, gave the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
25188088George WhitefieldMade the Great Awakening huge with his sermons, often delivered in fields, barns, and tents to huge crowds all over the colonies.
25188089Georgian styleArchitectural style frequently imitated in colonial buildings.
25188090Benjamin WestProminent colonial artist.
25188091John CopleyProminent colonial artist #2.
25188092Cotton MatherMassachusetts minister who wrote widely read religious tracts.
25188093Benjamin FranklinMost popular and successful writer of the 18th century, among many, many other things.
25188094Poor Richard's AlmanackCollection of Benjamin Franklin's aphorisms and advice, updated annually from 1732 to 1757.
25188095Phillis WheatleyAfrican American poet.
25188096John BartramPhiladelphian botanist.
25188097sectarianSomething that exists to promote the doctrines of a particular religious sect is this.
25188098medicine and lawThese professions acquired respectability and social prominence during the
25188099John Peter Zenger (libel case)Criticized New York's royal governor, was sued for libel, won because what he printed was true. Big free speech case.
25188100Andrew HamiltonZenger's lawyer, among many other things.
25188101colonial governorsGovernors of the colonies.
25188102colonial legislaturesThese were bicameral. The lower house was elected by the people, the upper was appointed by the governor or proprietor.
25188103town meetingsWhen the people of a town would come together to vote directly on local issues.
25188104county governmentThis consisted of a law-enforcing sheriff and other officials in large territorial units in the southern colonies.
25188105limited democracyThe colonies exhibited this by allowing people to vote, but only white males in the best of cases.
25194992French and Indian WarFrench and Indians vs. British and colonies
25194993George WashingtonColonel who led a small militia in an attempt to prevent the French from completing Fort Duquesne.
25194994Edward BraddockLed a British army into a disastrous defeat.
25194995Albany Plan of Union (1754)Plan that would have set up an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes. None of the colonies accepted it.
25194996Peace of Paris (1763)Treaty resulting in Britain getting French Canada and Spanish Florida and Spain getting the Louisiana Territory. Ended the French and Indian War.
25194997salutary neglectPre-French and Indian War policy that Britain would essentially ignore its colonies.
25194998George IIIBritish king who pursued a policy of solving Britain's financial problems.
25194999WhigsDominant party in Parliament. Attempted to get George III to use the colonies to pay for various British costs.
25195000ParliamentBritish representative assembly.
25203944Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)Indians, angered by colonial expansion and British refusal to offer gifts, attack. The British send regular troops, rather than militia, to deal with them.
25203945Proclamation of 1763Attempt by the British to prevent colonists from settling on the other side of the Appalachians. Thousands defy it.
25203946Sugar Act (1764)Placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries to raise money for the crown.
25203947Quartering Act (1765)Required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.
25203948Stamp Act (1765)First direct tax on the colonists. Required that a revenue stamp be placed on most printed paper in the colonies.
25203949Patrick HenryYoung Virginia lawyer, stood up and yelled "No taxation without representation!"
25203950Stamp Act CongressMeeting of representatives from nine colonies in New York. Resolved that only their elected representatives had the right to levy taxes on them.
25203951Sons and Daughters of LibertyTerrorist organization intended to intimidate tax agents. Formed after the passage of the Stamp Act.
25203952Declatory Act (1766)Face-saving measure by Parliament. Stated that Parliament had the right to tax and legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."
25203953Townshend Acts (1767)Acts that created a lot of new duties, made British officials independent of colonial assemblies' checkbooks, provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods, and suspended New York's assembly.
25203954writs of assistanceA general license to search anywhere and anything. An all-inclusive search warrant.
25203955John Dickinson, Letters From a Farmer in PennsylvaniaArgued that no taxation without representation was an essential tenet of British law and as such Britain should not be able to levy taxes on its colonies without the consent of their representative assemblies.
25203956Samuel AdamsWrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with James Otis.
25203957James OtisWrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with Samuel Adams.
25203958Massachusetts Circular LetterUrged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.
25203959Lord Frederick NorthPrime Minister in favor of repealing the Townshend Acts because of their overall suckiness.
25203960Boston Massacre (1770)Colonists throw rocks and ice at soldiers in Boston, get shot.
25203961Crispus AttucksBlack guy killed in the Boston Massacre.
25203962Committees of CorrespondenceInitiated by Samuel Adams, these spread the idea that British officials were deliberately conspiring against colonial liberties.
25203963Gaspee IncidentColonists burn a hated smuggler-catching ship.
25203964Tea Act (1773)Made the British East India Tea Company's tea cheaper than all other tea in the colonies. Colonists refused to buy it because to have done so would have been to recognize Parliament's power to tax them.
25203965Boston Tea Party (1773)Colonists dressed like Indians throw 342 chests of the British East India Tea Company's tea into Boston harbor.
25205370Intolerable ActsThe colonists' name for the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Acts.
25205371Coercive Acts (1774)The Port Bill, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.
25205372Port BillClosed the port of Boston until the destroyed tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid for.
25205373Massachusetts Government ActReduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of its governor.
25205374Administration of Justice ActAllowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England rather than the colonies.
25205375Quartering ActExpanded the earlier laws about quartering to enable British soldiers to be quartered in private homes.
25205376Quebec Act (1774)Organized the Canadian lands gained from France. Resented by the colonists of the 13 colonies.
25205377EnlightenmentLeaders of this movement believed that humanity's problems could be corrected through the use of humanity's logic.
25205378John LockeEnlightenment thinker. Argued that humans had certain basic rights and that they had an obligation to revolt against any government that failed to protect them.
25205379Jean-Jacques RousseauEnlightenment thinker. Developed Locke's ideas. Stated that a "social contract" existed between a government and its people and that either party could void it through their actions.
25209051First Continental Congress (1774)Called to protest the Intolerable Acts. All of the colonies but Georgia sent representatives.
25209052Patrick HenryRadical faction leader at the First continental Congress.
25209053Samuel AdamsRadical faction leader at the First continental Congress.
25209054John AdamsRadical faction leader at the First continental Congress.
25209055George WashingtonModerate faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
25209056John DickinsonModerate faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
25209057John JayConservative faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
25209058Joseph GallowayConservative faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
25209059Suffolk ResolvesRejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their immediate repeal.
25209060economic sanctionsActions that are intended to hurt the economy of another country, such as boycotts.
25209061Declaration of Rights and GrievancesPetition to the king urging him to make right his wrongs.
25209062Paul Revere"The British are coming! The British are co- oops, looks like I got arrested."
25209063William Dawes"The British are coming! The British are coming! I didn't get arrested!"
25209064MinutemenMilitia.
25209065LexingtonFirst battle of the American Revolution. "The shot heard 'round the world."
25209066ConcordThe second battle of the American Revolution.
25209067Battle of Bunker HillThe first real battle of the American Revolution. The British manage to take Breed's Hill, but take over a thousand casualties.
25209068Second Continental Congress (1775)Meets in Philadelphia to figure out what in the hell they plan to do now that the fighting has started.
25216746Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up ArmsDeclared the causes and necessities for taking up arms.
25216747Olive Branch PetitionPetitioned the king to intercede with Parliament to secure peace and colonial rights. Angrily dismissed by the king.
25216748Prohibitory Act (1775)Act declaring the colonies to be in rebellion.
25216749Common Sense; Thomas PaineMade a clear and forceful argument for the colonies becoming independent states and breaking all political ties with the monarchy.
25216750Declaration of IndependenceDocument declaring the colonies to be independent.
25216751Thomas JeffersonWrote the Declaration of Independence.
25216752PatriotsColonists who actively took part in the struggle against Britain.
25216753Loyalists (Tories)Colonists who maintained their allegiance to the king.
25220990Valley ForgeSevere-winter campsite of Washington's army, 1777-1778.
25220991ContinentalsWorthless paper money issued by Congress during the war.
25220992George Rogers ClarkRevolutionary commander who captured a series of British forts in the Illinois country.
25220993Battle of SaratogaThe turning point of the war.
25220994absolute monarchOne person who holds all of a country's political power.
25220995Battle of YorktownWashington forces the surrender of Cornwallis' army by trapping him against the French navy. Last major battle of the war.
25220996Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty ending the Revolutionary War.
25220997Articles of ConfederationThe first national government under which all of the colonies fell. A failure, due to a near-complete lack of ability to do anything.
25220998unicameral legislatureA legislature of one house.
25220999Land Ordinance of 1785Divided the western lands into townships with plots of land set aside for education.
25221000Northwest Ordinance of 1787Set the rules for creating new states out of the northwest territory.
25221001Shays' RebellionThe Articles of Confederation were unable to suppress it. Broken by the state militia of Massachusetts.
25221002Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)Took her husband's place in the army during the Revolutionary War.
25221003Deborah SampsonPosed as a man so that she could serve in the military during the Revolutionary War.
25221004Abigail AdamsAttempted to get her husband John to be more "generous and favorable" in the case of the ladies.

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