Human Anatomy and Physiology
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| 10734422368 | Superior | toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |  | 0 |
| 10734422369 | Inferior | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |  | 1 |
| 10734422370 | Ventral (anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |  | 2 |
| 10734422371 | Dorsal (posterior) | Toward or at the back of the body; behind |  | 3 |
| 10734422372 | Medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |  | 4 |
| 10734422373 | Lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |  | 5 |
| 10734422374 | Intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |  | 6 |
| 10734422375 | Proximal | closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |  | 7 |
| 10734422376 | Distal | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |  | 8 |
| 10734422377 | Superficial | toward or at the body surface |  | 9 |
| 10734422378 | Deep (internal) | away from the body surface; more internal |  | 10 |
| 10734422379 | Anatomical Position | erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know | 11 | |
| 10734422380 | Directional Terms | allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another | 12 | |
| 10734422383 | Regional Terms | used to designate specific areas within major body divisions | 13 | |
| 10734422505 | Anterior/Ventral Body |  | 14 | |
| 10734422506 | Posterior/Dorsal Body |  | 15 | |
| 10734422384 | Sagittal | a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts |  | 16 |
| 10734422385 | Median Plane (midsagittal plane) | sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline | 17 | |
| 10734422386 | Parasagittal Planes | all other sagittal planes offset from the midline | 18 | |
| 10734422387 | Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane) | like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts |  | 19 |
| 10734422388 | Transverse/Cross-sectionl Plane | runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back) |  | 20 |
| 10734422390 | Dorsal Body Cavity | protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions |  | 21 |
| 10734422391 | Cranial Cavity | in the skull, encases the brain | 22 | |
| 10734422392 | Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity) | runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord | 23 | |
| 10734422393 | Ventral Body Cavity | the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera | | 24 |
| 10734422394 | Thoracic Cavity | surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest | 25 | |
| 10734422395 | Pleural Cavities | lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum | 26 | |
| 10734422396 | Pericardial Cavity | encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others) | 27 | |
| 10734422397 | Abdominopelvic Cavity | seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities | 28 | |
| 10734422398 | Abdominal Cavity | Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs | 29 | |
| 10734422399 | Pelvic Cavity | Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum | 30 | |
| 10734422403 | Abdominopelvic Regions | Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists |  | 31 |
| 10734422404 | What is anatomy? | the study of structure | 32 | |
| 10734422405 | What is physiology? | the study of function at many levels | 33 | |
| 10734422406 | What is gross or macroscopic anatomy? | the study of large body parts, visible to the naked eye | 34 | |
| 10734422414 | What is the principle of complementarity? | anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. | 35 | |
| 10734422415 | In what way does physiology depend of anatomy? | the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy | 36 | |
| 10734422416 | Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body? | Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic. | 37 | |
| 10734422417 | What are the levels of structural organization? | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level | 38 | |
| 10734422418 | What does the digestive system do? | takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) | 39 | |
| 10734422419 | What does the respiratory system do? | takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide | 40 | |
| 10734422420 | What does the urinary system do? | eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions | 41 | |
| 10734422421 | What does the cardiovascular system do? | via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs | 42 | |
| 10734422422 | What does the integumentary system do? | protects the body as a whole from the external environment | 43 | |
| 10734422423 | all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs | cells | 44 | |
| 10734422424 | _____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions | organ systems | 45 | |
| 10734422425 | What are the main parts of the integumentary system? | hair, nails and skin | 46 | |
| 10734422426 | What are the main parts of the Skeletal System? | bones and joints | 47 | |
| 10734422427 | What is the main part of the muscular system? | skeletal muscles | 48 | |
| 10734422428 | What are the main parts of the nervous system? | the brain, nerves and spinal cord | 49 | |
| 10734422429 | What are the main parts of the endocrine system? | pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis | 50 | |
| 10734422430 | What are the main parts of the cardiovascular system? | blood vessels and heart | 51 | |
| 10734422431 | main parts of lymphatic system/ immunity | red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes | 52 | |
| 10734422432 | main parts of respiratory system | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus | 53 | |
| 10734422433 | main parts of digestive system | oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus | 54 | |
| 10734422434 | main parts of urinary system | kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra | 55 | |
| 10734422435 | main parts of male and female reproductive systems | male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina | 56 | |
| 10734422436 | What are some functions of the lymphatic system? | it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; | 57 | |
| 10734422437 | What are the necessary life functions? | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth | 58 | |
| 10734422438 | What is metabolism? | a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body | 59 | |
| 10734422439 | What are the survival needs? | Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp. and atmospheric pressure | 60 | |
| 10734422440 | What is homeostasis? | the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world | 61 | |
| 10734422441 | What are control mechanisms for homeostasis? | receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action and then to the effector which provides the means for the control centers output | 62 | |
| 10734422442 | What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example | the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood volume by ADH (endocrine mechanism) | 63 | |
| 10734422443 | What separates living beings from nonliving objects? | Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these | 64 | |
| 10734422444 | what name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells | metabolism | 65 | |
| 10734422445 | Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet? | because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life | 66 | |
| 10734422446 | What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH | Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood. | 67 | |
| 10734422447 | What is positive feedback examples | the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting | 68 | |
| 10734422448 | Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause? | disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure) | 69 | |
| 10734422449 | the head is _______ to the abdomen | superior | 70 | |
| 10734422450 | the navel is ______ to the chin | inferior | 71 | |
| 10734422451 | the breastbone is _____ to the spine | anterior (ventral) | 72 | |
| 10734422452 | the heart is _____ to the breastbone | posterior (dorsal) | 73 | |
| 10734422453 | the heart is _____ to the arm | medial | 74 | |
| 10734422454 | the arms are _____ to the chest | lateral | 75 | |
| 10734422455 | the collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder | intermediate | 76 | |
| 10734422456 | the elbow is _______ to the wrist | proximal | 77 | |
| 10734422457 | the knee is ___ to the thigh | distal | 78 | |
| 10734422458 | the skin is ________ to the skeletal muscles | superficial | 79 | |
| 10734422459 | the lungs are _____ to the skin | deep | 80 | |
| 10734422460 | What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold? | Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body. | 81 | |
| 10734422461 | When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system? | thirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range | 82 | |
| 10734422462 | Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it? | This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel. | 83 | |
| 10734422464 | Regional terms are used to ...... | designate specific areas within major body divisions | 84 | |
| 10734422465 | The most frequent planes | Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse | 85 | |
| 10734422466 | Sagittal plane | vertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts | 86 | |
| 10734422467 | Midsagittal plane | median for the sagittal plane | 87 | |
| 10734422468 | Parasagittal (Sagittal) Plane | offset from the midline or midsagittal plane | 88 | |
| 10734422469 | Frontal plane | vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts | 89 | |
| 10734422470 | transverse or horizontal plane | horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts | 90 | |
| 10734422471 | What cavity is the brain in? | cranial cavity | 91 | |
| 10734422472 | what cavity contains the spinal cord | vertebral cavity | 92 | |
| 10734422473 | what cavity contains the heart and lungs | thoracic cavity | 93 | |
| 10734422474 | what is between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity | diaphragm | 94 | |
| 10734422475 | what cavity contains the digestive viscera | Abdominal cavity | 95 | |
| 10734422476 | what cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum | pelvic cavity | 96 | |
| 10734422477 | what are the three parts of the thoracic cavity | superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum | 97 | |
| 10734422478 | what does the dorsal body cavity contain | cranial and vertebral cavity | 98 | |
| 10734422479 | what does the ventral body cavity contain | thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities | 99 | |
| 10734422480 | what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs | pleural cavities | 100 | |
| 10734422481 | what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea | pericardial cavity | 101 | |
| 10734422484 | The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the .... | parietal serosa | 102 | |
| 10734422487 | the _____ _____ is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval) | umbilical region | 103 | |
| 10734422488 | the right and left ______ regions lie lateral to the umbilical region | lumbar | 104 | |
| 10734422489 | what region is the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine in | umbilical region | 105 | |
| 10734422490 | What is the anatomical position? And why is it important that you learn this position? | The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position | 106 | |
| 10734422491 | The axiliary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located? | axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder | 107 | |
| 10734422492 | whay type of cut would separate the brain into aterior and posterior parts? | a frontal (coronal ) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts | 108 | |
| 10734422493 | Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord and heart, which is /are in the dorsal body cavity? | only the spinal cord | 109 | |
| 10734422494 | When you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands. why doesnt warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs | As mobile organs work fiction is greatly reduced by the presence of seours flued. seous fluid allows the surrounding serous membranes to glide easily over one another | 110 | |
| 10734422495 | two major cavities, | The main cavities are the posterior cavity and anterior cavity (dorsal and ventral) | 111 | |
| 10734422496 | Olecranal | Back of elbow | 112 | |
| 10734422497 | What tow systems are primarily involved in Homeostasis? | Nervous and Endocrine | 113 | |
| 10734422500 | What is the Body's Thermostat? | hypothalamus | 114 | |
| 10734422501 | What are the two major divisions of the ventral cavities | the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. | 115 | |
| 10734422502 | In a negative feedback system, the response of the effector | reverses the original stimulus. | 116 | |
| 10734422503 | ___________is perpendicular to the long axis of the region and ___________ is from front to back. | transverse, horizontal | 117 |
