Topics: nervous system (CNS & PNS), brain, spinal cord, nerves.
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| 335241725 | Identify two layers of dura | 1. Outer Periosteal layer: tough, dense irregular connective tissue 2. Inner Periosteal layer: fused to the periosteal layer | |
| 335241726 | What kind of damage occurs if the dura mater is torn or injured? | Blood will leak into the brain cavity and because the brain is a closed system, the blood will create an increase in pressure that will crush the brain. | |
| 335241727 | What are some characteristics of the central nervous system (CNS)? | - Composed of the brain and spinal cord - Command center of the nervous system - Integrates and processes nerve information | |
| 335241728 | What are some characteristics of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | - Composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia - Projects information to and receives information from the CNS and mediates some reflexes | |
| 335241729 | Identify some characteristics of sensory (afferent) neurons. | - Brings information to the CNS - Detects changes in environment stimuli, touch, pressure, heat, light, or chemicals - Cell bodies are unipolar - Ex: found in skin | |
| 335241730 | Identify some characteristics of motor (efferent) neurons. | - Takes information from the CNS to other parts of the body - Cell bodies are mostly in spinal cord - All motor neurons are multipolar - Innervates muscle and glands | |
| 335241731 | Identify some characteristics of interneurons. | - Helps coordinate and integrate information between sensory and motor neurons - Are multipolar and lie entirely within the CNS | |
| 335253592 | During the 4th week of development, the cranial part of the neural tube develops into what 3 primary vesicles? | - Prosencephalon: forebrain - Mesemcephalon: midbrain - Rhombencephalon: hindbrain | |
| 335253593 | During the 5th week of development, what 5 secondary vesicles develop from the 3 primary vesicles? | • Telencephalon: cerebrum • Diencephalon: thalamus & hypothalamus • Mesencephalon: midbrain • Metencephalon: cerebellum & pons • Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata | |
| 335312800 | Explain the functions of CSF. | -Buoyancy: brain floats in CSF. Without CSF, the brain would sink through the foramen magnum -Protection: provides a liquid courage to protect the neural structures from sudden movements -Environmental Stability: CSF transports nutrients and chemical messengers to the brain, also removes waste products -Produced Continuously: rate of 500 mL/day, MUST be balanced... | |
| 335312801 | Where is CSF produced? | In the ventricles by the choroid plexus and composed of: layer of ependymal cells (has cilia to circulate CSF) and capillaries that lie within the pia mater. | |
| 335312802 | What are some cerebellar functions? | -Fine tunes skeletal movements (coordination) -Stores the memories of previously learned (muscle memory) -Adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain balance and posture -Receives sensory information from the muscles and joints (balance) -Kinesthetic sense (knowing where your body is without looking) | |
| 335320498 | Cranial Nerve: Sense of smell | CN I: Olfactory Nerve | |
| 335320499 | Cranial Nerve: Vision | CN II: Optic Nerve | |
| 335320500 | Cranial Nerve: Controls eye movement and pupil dilation | CN III: Oculomotor Nerve | |
| 335320501 | Cranial Nerve: Controls eye rotation | CN IV: Trochlear Nerve | |
| 335320502 | Cranial Nerve: Controls touch and pain from face, head, and muscles for chewing | CN V: Trigeminal Nerve | |
| 335320503 | Cranial Nerve: Controls turning the eye laterally | CN VI: Abducens Nerve | |
| 335320504 | Cranial Nerve: Controls the muscles of facial expression | CN VII: Facial Nerve | |
| 335320505 | Cranial Nerve: Senses sound, rotation, and gravity | CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve | |
| 335320506 | Cranial Nerve: Partially controls taste and muscles used for swallowing | CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve | |
| 335320507 | Cranial Nerve: Controls heart rate, speech, digestion, and sweating | CN X: Vagus Nerve | |
| 335320508 | Cranial Nerve: Controls swallowing movements | CN XI: Accessory Nerve | |
| 335320509 | Cranial Nerve: Controls tongue movements | CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve | |
| 335330267 | What is the myelination process? | Myelination is the process of wrapping an axon with myelin (a protective fatty coating). Supports, protects, and insulates an axon. | |
| 335330268 | Describe the myelination process in the PNS. | -Neurolemmocytes wraps around a portion of an axon successively -Cytoplasm and nucleus of neurolemmocyte gets squeezed to the outside -Inner successive layers of cell membrane make up the myelin sheath -Neurolemmocytes are separated by neurofibril nodes | |
| 335330269 | Describe the myelination process in the CNS. | -One oligodendrocyte that myelinates portions of many axons -Many oligodendrocytes are necessary for myelinating many axons | |
| 335330270 | Name the 6 components of a neuron. | Cell body, nucleus, nissl bodies, dendrites, axons, and an axon hillock | |
| 335330271 | What is a cell body? | -Serves as the neuron's control center -Responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses -Large round nucleus | |
| 335330272 | What is a nucleus? | Contains nucleolus which indicates high metabolic activity | |
| 335330273 | What are nissl bodies? | Components of gray matter in brain | |
| 335330274 | What are dendrites? | Short, small processes with many branches off cell bodies. Function: conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body | |
| 335330275 | What is an axon? | -Long nerve cell processes -Only one per cell -Transmits the nerve impulse away from the cell body toward another cell | |
| 335330276 | What is an axon hillock? | Initial portion of axon as it comes off the cell body | |
| 336541922 | What are the structures that make up the mesencephalon? | 1. Corpora Quadrigemina: relay stations in the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensations 2. Cerebral Peduncles: conduct impulses between cerebrum and brainstem 3. Mesencephalic (Cerebral) Aqueduct: connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle | |
| 336541923 | What are the two components of the corpora quadrigemina? | 1. Superior Colliculi: visual reflex centers Function: visually tracking moving objects 2. Inferior Colliculi: auditory reflex centers Function: turning towards a sound | |
| 336541924 | What are the structures and functions of the Pons? | -Composed of groups of axons (nerve fiber tracts) with both motor and sensory abilities that connect the spinal cord and the brain | |
| 336541925 | What happens if the Pons is injured? | If injured, motor and sensory signals cannot be passed on from the spinal cord to the brain | |
| 336541926 | What are the structures and functions of the Medulla Oblongata? | A. Pyramids: house the motor tracts of the corticospinal tracts B. Autonomic Nervous System Centers: controls the parts of our body that we cannot control (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, etc) C. Sensory and Motor nuclei of the Cranial Nerves | |
| 336541927 | What happens if the Medulla Oblongata is damaged? | It will be very difficult to sustain life because autonomic functions are likely to be affected. | |
| 336541928 | Name the three layers that cover the brain. | 1. Pia Mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Dura Mater | |
| 336541929 | What is the telencephalon? | The cerebrum! | |
| 336541930 | What is the cerebral cortex composed of? | 1. Gyrus: raised area allows a greater amount of cortex to fit into the cranial cavity 2. Sulcus: shallow groove between gyri 3. Fissures: deeper grooves | |
| 336541931 | What is the cerebral white matter? | Composed primarily of myelinated axons. Most of the axons are bundled into groups called tracts. | |
| 336541932 | What are association tracts? | They connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. Allow communication within the brain | |
| 336541933 | What are commissural tracts? | Extend across hemispheres e.g. the corpus callosum | |
| 336541934 | What are projection tracts? | Links the cerebral cortex to caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. e.g. carry motor signals from the cerebrum to the brainstem and spinal cord | |
| 336567703 | The spinal cord has many divisions. State each division as well as the number of nerves it's composed of. | Cervical: 8 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 Coccygeal: 1 | |
| 336567704 | The spinal cord has two enlarged areas. Name these and the areas they innervate. | Cervical Enlargement: neurons that innervate upper limb Lumbar Enlargement: neurons that innervate lower limb | |
| 336567705 | What are some characteristics of the spinal cord? | -Cord is shorter than the column -Is a vital link between body and brain -Functions: pathway for sensory and motor impulses; reflexes (quickest reactions to stimuli) | |
| 336567706 | What are the meninges of the spinal cord? And what are their functions? | Dura Mater: provides stability to the spinal cord Arachnoid: shock absorber, diffuses gases, circulates nutrients, removes waste products, and provides chemical messengers | |
| 336567707 | Explain why a crush injury of the spinal cord at C7 would still allow motion in the upper limb. | C5-6 still innervates the upper limb to a point where it can still function. But without the ulnar nerve, you still lose some of your normal range of motion. It depends on the individual. | |
| 336567708 | Explain the functions of the autonomic nervous system. | Composed of the sympathetic ("fight or flight" and the parasympathetic ("rest and digest") nervous system. - The autonomic nervous system regulates homeostasis in the body. Something that we don't necessary have control over (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, etc.) | |
| 336567709 | Name three primary plexes of nerves in the body. | Cervical Plexus Brachial Plexus Lumbar Plexus Sacral Plexus | |
| 336567710 | What nerve roots make up the cervical plexus? | C1-C4 -Sensory: skin of neck, ears, and shoulders -Motor: anterior neck muscles | |
| 336567711 | What nerve roots make up the brachial plexus? | C5-T1 -Innervates the upper limb -Axillary nerve: deltoid -Musculocutaneous nerve: biceps -Radial nerve: triceps, wrist extensors -Median nerve: innervation of wrist, thumb... sensory info from palm -Ulnar nerve: innervation in flexor carpi ulnaris | |
| 336567712 | What is something interesting about the ulnar nerve? | It is commonly known as your funny bone! When you hit this nerve, it causes a tingling sensation to occur on the medial side of your arm. | |
| 336567713 | What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus? | L1-L4 -Innervates parts of the lower abdominal wall and lower limb (thigh) | |
| 336567714 | What nerve roots make up the sacral plexus? | L4-S4 -Responsible for information to the butt, pelvic structures, posterior thigh and lower leg | |
| 336567715 | Why are plexus of nerves only found in limbs? | Because the nerves get pulled out with the structures. This allows us to stretch and reach out further. | |
| 336567716 | Explain some typical reactions to the sympathetic nervous system kicking into high gear. | -Increased heart rate, blood pressure... | |
| 336567717 | Describe two pathways of the sympathetic chain ganglia | 1. From lateral horn with a preganglionic axon -> through the spinal nerve -> out the white rami -> sympathetic chain ganglion -> synapse ->back out onto gray rami -> target organ 2. Preganglionic axon leave lateral horn ->passes through spinal nerve --> off white rami -> synapses ->sends to target organ | |
| 336567718 | Describe the pathway for the collateral ganglia | preganglionic ganglion axon leave lateral horn -> to spinal nerve -> exit on white rami to sympathetic chain ganglion -> pervertebral ganglion ->synapse -> to target organ | |
| 336567719 | Describe the pathway for the adrenal medulla | preganglionic axon leaves lateral horn ->to spinal nerve -> exits white rami -> passes through sympathetic chain -> prevertebral ganglion -> synapses on the adrenal medulla -> to target organ | |
| 336567720 | What occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system? | Concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. Most active when body is at rest or when digesting a meal. Responsible for maintaining homeostasis in body. | |
| 336567721 | The spinal cord has two primary kinds of tracts. Name and describe these. | 1. Ascending tracts: composed of sensory axons 2. Descending tracts: composed of motor axons -Sensory info goes in --> motor reaction goes out Ex: Touch a hot stove (sensory), quickly remove hand (motor) | |
| 336567722 | Name the three types of receptors and the function of each. | 1. Exteroceptors: found in skin; detects stimuli from the outside environment 2. Interoceptors: found in organs (smooth muscle); mostly unaware until we are uncomfortable (like when we're really full) 3. Proprioceptors: found in muscles, joints; detects body and limb movements |
