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| 361654400 | What are Angiosperms? | Flowering and dominant land plants for more than 100 years. | |
| 361654401 | What are Gymnosperms? | Non-flowering, cone-bearing, and a naked seed. | |
| 361654402 | What are the two groups of Angiosperms? | Monocots and Dicots. | |
| 361654403 | Describe a Monocot. | One cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular bundles in complex arrangement, floral parts are usually in multiples of three, and fibrus root system. | |
| 361654404 | Describe a Dicot. | Two cotyledons, veins usually branched, vascular bundles arranged in ring, floral parts usually in multiples of four or five, and taproot usually present. | |
| 361654405 | What grows below the ground, are equal or greater in mass to the shoots, anchor and support plant in soil, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and store food produced by photosynthesis? | Roots. | |
| 361654406 | What increases the surface area and allow water and mineral absorption? | Root hairs. | |
| 361654407 | What are the reproductive structures of Angiosperms? | Flowers. | |
| 361654408 | What is an example of root modification? | Mainly for food storage. Large taproots store starches. (Ex: turnips, sugar beets, and sweet potatoes) | |
| 361654409 | What is above ground and form the main axis of the plant to support leaves, flowers, and stems that contain vascular tissue? | Shoot. | |
| 361654410 | What is the primary function of leaves? | For photosynthesis. | |
| 361654411 | What are leaevs composed of? | Mostly flattened blade attached by stalk-like petiole, lined by epidermis, and where stomata is present. | |
| 361654412 | What does Stomata help? | Gas exchange and water retention. | |
| 361654413 | What is the point of leaf attachment to the stem called? | Node. | |
| 361654414 | What is the space between nodes? | Internodes. | |
| 361654415 | What is at the tip of the stem, has developing leaves, compact nodes, internodes, etc.? | Terminal bud. | |
| 361654416 | What is between the leaf and stem? | Axillary bud. (Usually dormant, but can start to grow if influence of terminal bud wears off because terminal buds prevent axillary buds from growing). | |
| 361654417 | What are Stem Modifications? | Tubers, Rhizomes, Cactus stem, and Runner. | |
| 361654418 | What are Tubers? | Food storage, asexual reproduction. (Ex: potato and yam) | |
| 361654419 | What are Rhizomes? | Horizontal stem that grows just under the soil - food storage. (Ex: ginger) | |
| 361654420 | What are Cactus stems for? | Water storage. | |
| 361654421 | What are Runners? | Horizontal stems, asexual reproduction. (Ex: Strawberries) | |
| 361654422 | What are Leaf Modifications? | Tendrils and Thorns. | |
| 361654423 | What are Tendrils for? | Attachment and climbing. (Ex: Pea plant) | |
| 361654424 | What are Thorns for? | Defense. (Ex: Rose and cactus) | |
| 361654425 | Name the plant tissue systems. | Dermal tissue system, vascular tissue system, and ground tissue system. | |
| 361654426 | Which system forms an outer protective covering? | Dermal tissue system. | |
| 361654427 | Which system provides support and long-distance transport? | Vascular tissue system. | |
| 361654428 | Which system is made up of tissues that are neither dermal or vascular? | Ground tissue system. | |
| 361654429 | Dermal Tissue System: What is the single layer of tightly packed cells covering the outside of the plant called? | Epidermis. | |
| 361654430 | Vascular tissue is made up of? | Xylem and Phloem. | |
| 361654431 | What does Xylem transport? | Water and salts upward from roots to shoots. | |
| 361654432 | What does Phloem transport? | Nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed. | |
| 361654433 | What are the leaf's vascular bundles called and function as the leaf's skeleton? (Xylem and Phloem) | Viens. | |
| 361654434 | What is Ground Tissue? | Everything else. Photosynthesis, storage, support, etc. | |
| 361654435 | What is ground tissue INTERNAL to vascular tissue? | Pith. | |
| 361654436 | What is ground tissue EXTERNAL to vascular tissue? | Cortex. | |
| 361654437 | What are 3 unique plant structures? | Chloroplasts, vacuole, and a cell wall. | |
| 361654438 | Where is the site of photosynthesis? | Chloroplasts. | |
| 361654439 | What does a cell wall surround? | The plasma membrane. | |
| 361654440 | Plasmodesmata pores in cell wall allow what? | Cytoplasmic connections, communication, and exchange between cells. | |
| 361654441 | Cells walls do NOT regulate movement of materials in and out of the cell. They only serve as a structure - TRUE OR FALSE? | TRUE. | |
| 361654442 | What are the 5 major types of plant cells? | Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem, and Phloem. | |
| 361654443 | What type of cell is abundant, has thin primary wall, no secondary cell wall, alive at maturity, versatile, perform most metabolic functions, and can differentiate into other types of cells? | Parenchyma. | |
| 361654444 | What are some metabolic functions? | Food and water storage, pohotsynthesis, and respiration. | |
| 361654445 | What type of cell resembles parenchyma, but has thicker primary cell walls which provide flexible support, no secondary wall, and alive at maturity? | Collenchyma. | |
| 361654446 | What type of cell has primary and secondary cell walls, the secondary walls are very thick, rigid, contain lignin, and are dead at functional maturity? | Sclerenchyma. | |
| 361654447 | What type of cell, and also a vascular tissue, that includes two types of water conducting cells? What are the two types? | Xylem, Tracheids and Vessel elements. | |
| 361654448 | Describe Tracheids. | Long porous cells with tapered ends. | |
| 361654449 | Describe Vessel Channels. | Wider and shorter. | |
| 361654450 | What type of cell, and also a vascular tissue, transports organic molecules (food), alive at maturity, includes seive tube members and companion cells? | Phloem. | |
| 361654451 | What are Seive Tube Members? | Food conducting cells, but lack organelles. | |
| 361654452 | What do Companion Cells do? | Produce and transport proteins to sieve tube members. | |
| 361654453 | If plants complete life cycle in one year are less, they are called? | Annuals. (Ex: wheat, corn, some wildflowers) | |
| 361654454 | If plants complete life cycle in two years, they are called? | Biennals. (Ex: beets and carrots) | |
| 361654455 | If plants complete life cycle in more than 2 years, they are called? | Perennials. (Ex: trees and shrubs) | |
| 361654456 | Plant growth occurs in specialized tissues called? | Meristems. | |
| 361654457 | Which region are made of unspecialized, parenchyma cells capable of dividing, Mitosis occurs, and daughter cells undergo differentiation? | Meristematic regions. | |
| 361654458 | Where are apical meristems found? | At the tip of roots, shoots, and axillary buds of stems. | |
| 361654459 | In general, where does primary growth occur? | Apical meristems. | |
| 361778056 | Primary growth involves making what or making those exisiting what to be longer through cell division in meristems? | Stems, branches, or roots. | |
| 361778057 | What does primary growth allow roots to do? | Push downward through the soil. | |
| 361778058 | What does primary growth allow shoots to do? | Increase exposure to sunlight and CO2. | |
| 361778059 | What covers a root and protects the apical meristem as roots push through the soil? | Root cap. | |
| 361778060 | What is a shoot apical meristem? | It is a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip. | |
| 361778061 | The increase in the girth or thickness of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and vines) are an example of what? | Secondary growth. | |
| 361778062 | Where does Secondary Growth occur? | At lateral meristems, which exist in two layers that extend along the length of roots and shoots. | |
| 361778063 | What are the 2 layers of lateral meristems? | Vascular cambium and Cork cambium. | |
| 361778064 | What does the Vascular Cambium do? | It adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside. | |
| 361778065 | Describe Secondary Xylem. | It has thick walls rich in lignin, which is a chemical that strengthens the cell walls of secondary xylem, and over the years becomes the wood in a tree. | |
| 361778066 | Describe Secondary Phloem. | It does not accumulate and are sloughed at about the same rate they are produced. | |
| 361778067 | What does the Cork Cambium do? | It produces the cork, which is part of a bark. At maturity, the cells are dead with thick and waxy walls that protect underlying tissue of the tree. | |
| 361778068 | As the tree grows, the cork is NOT sloughed off over time -- TRUE OR FALSE? | FALSE. | |
| 361778069 | What does bark consist of? | Everything outside the vascular cambium, including: secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. | |
| 361778070 | What is the dark center of a tree trunk called? | Heartwood. | |
| 361778071 | Heartwood, which is the non-functioning secondary xylem filled with resins and other metabolic by-products make the tree trunk resistant to what? | Rotting. | |
| 361778072 | The lighter layer of the tree trunk is called? | Sapwood. It's the younger and functioning secondary xylem. | |
| 361778073 | Secondary xylem cells formed during which season is much larger in comparison to the others? | Spring. | |
| 361778074 | Annual tree rings of wood are formed by? | The juxtaposition of layers of large-celled spring wood (early wood) and the previous year's smaller-celled summer wood (late wood). | |
| 361778075 | What is the function of sepals? | Enclose and protect the flower bud, are usually green and more leaflike than the other floral organs. | |
| 361778076 | What is the function of petals? | Often colorful and advertise/attract pollinators. | |
| 361778077 | What is the function of stamen? | Produce male gametes. | |
| 361778078 | What does the stamen consist of? | Filament and anther. | |
| 361778079 | What is the function of filament? | It is the stalk which supports. | |
| 361778080 | What is the function of anther? | Produce pollen which contain sperm cells. | |
| 361778081 | What is the male reproductive part? | Stamen. | |
| 361778082 | What is the function of carpel (pistil)? | Produce female gametes. | |
| 361778083 | What does the carpel consist of? | Stigma, Style, and Ovary. | |
| 361778084 | What is the function of Stigma? | The sticky tip to receive pollen. | |
| 361778085 | What is the function of Style? | Stalk-like conduit that cnnects stigma and ovary. | |
| 361778086 | What is the function of Ovary? | At the base; contains ovule(s) which contain(s) egg and supporting cells. | |
| 361778087 | What is the female reproductive part? | Carpel. | |
| 361778088 | What is a male gametophyte? | Pollen grain. | |
| 361778089 | What is a female gametophyte? | Embryonic sac. |
