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| 1430911543 | Dorothea Dix | Gathered data on prisons, almshouses and asylums. Efforts led to the improvements of conditions for mentally ill, in charge of all female nurses. | 1 | |
| 1430911544 | Seneca Falls Convention | 1848, launched by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, demanded suffrage and drafted "The Declaration of Sentiments" calling for the ending of discriminatory practices. Lay the groundwork for the modern feminist movement. | 2 | |
| 1430911546 | Lyman Beecher | Father of Harriet Beecher Stowe and the reform association, insisted American citizens sorely needed education and Christian teachings to properly reform themselves. | 3 | |
| 1430911548 | Common School Movement | Originating from Puritan tradition to convert as well as teach, the common schools served as the basis for modern public schools. Assimilated various immigrants into common culture (ex. Catholic School) | 4 | |
| 1430911550 | Horace MannA | Attorney, humanitarian reformer and legislator on the Massachusetts State Board of Education . Implemented most of public school aspects. Also secured funding for schools and salaries, revised curriculum, and founded the first teacher-training school. | 5 | |
| 1430911551 | McGuffey Readers | Textbook series published by William McGuffey to coincide with rise of public schools, focusing on reading, literary taste, and moral growth. Criticized for emphasizing Anglo-Saxon Protestant values as superior. | 6 | |
| 1430911553 | Oberlin College | Founded in 1833 in Ohio by missionaries, school mission to educate teachers and leaders. Allowed women and minority to enroll. Associated with revivalism on the frontier during the Second Great Awakening. | 7 | |
| 1430911555 | Second Great Awakening | During first half of the 19th century, results such as moral impulse to reform society (also taken up by secular leaders), doctrine shift towards self-help. | 8 | |
| 1430911556 | Charles G. Finney | Presbyterian minister responsible for departing from traditional Calvinistic doctrines to usher in more converts, holding camp meetings with fervent sermons. Imbued emotional and persuasive techniques to modern evangelism. President of Oberlin College. | 9 | |
| 1430911558 | Circuit-Riding Preachers | Itinerant preachers in the frontiers who not only spread news but also administered important communal events. With many being unqualified and laypeople preaching in their absence, led to decrease in adherence to orthodoxy, yet was pertinent to the culture of the "common man" era. | 10 | |
| 1430911559 | Temperance Movement | As preachers spoke against the vices of drinking, organizations such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League formed. Original intent to reduce alcohol consumption, but led to Prohibition movement. | 11 | |
| 1430911561 | Lyceum Movement | Original lyceum was Aristotle's school, lyceums = lecture halls for adult education and public debate. Secular answer to the Second Great Awakening, lyceums filled with Transcendentalists and scientists, contributed to prevalent optimism of American society. | 12 | |
| 1430911563 | Phrenology | Originated by Franz Joseph Gall, a pseudoscience that tried to explain behavior and personality by measuring the skull. Was popular and was given serious consideration for a time. | 13 | |
| 1430911564 | Hudson River School | Romantic fixation of American life symbolized by painting landscapes, usually vast wilderness. | 14 | |
| 1430911566 | Brook Farm | Attempt of George Ripley to build utopian society from 1841 to 1847, based on unitarian and Transcendentalist principles. Most of better-educated chafed under farm life, considered stifling and went bankrupt due to mismanagement. | 15 | |
| 1430911568 | New Harmony | Utopian community founded by Robert Owen in Indiana, only lasted a few years. | 16 | |
| 1430911570 | Shakers | Celibate, monastic sect of Christianity founded in 1774 by Mother Ann Lee, devoted to work and worship. Gender segregation. Declined membership because celibacy prevented propagation of faith without conversions. Represented reform impulse and the millennial view of Christianity. | 17 | |
| 1430911571 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Founder of Transcendentalism, a romantic philosophy that combined idealism and Eastern mysticism. With people like Margaret Fuller published The Dial. Abolitionist. | 18 | |
| 1430911573 | Henry David Thoreau | Wrote Walden, opposed to the Mexican War and slavery and so published "Civil Disobedience" that codified passive resistance later used in civil rights movement. | 19 | |
| 1430911574 | Joseph Smith | Published Book of Mormon in 1830's, founded Mormonism. Mormons considered a new type of utopian communalists with polygamy and militaristic tendencies (thus persecuted). Murdered by mob which inspired followers to move west. | 20 | |
| 1430911576 | Brigham Young | Became heir of Mormonism, led followers west into present-day Salt Lake City. Removed as governor of Utah when claimed have seceded from the government. | 21 | |
| 1430911579 | Peculiar Institution | Euphemism for slavery coined by Calhoun, tried to explain that slavery was beneficial for the nation and the enslaved. | 22 | |
| 1430911580 | Cotton Kingdom | A title that glorified the importance of cotton to the economy, the zeal of the southern planters to make more wealth led them to seek independence from the government. | 23 | |
| 1430911582 | Slave Codes | Laws controlling both slave and owner. Egregious abuse forbidden due to fear of uprisings, but harsh punishments and murder tolerated anyway. Slaves considered subhuman, unable to testify against criminals, and could work for money but the use at the discretion of the master. | 24 | |
| 1430911584 | Manumission | Legal term for formal freeing of slaves by masters, was natural and often just as one would free indentured servants, but after cotton gin the laws tightened to prevent increase in free black population. | 25 | |
| 1430911586 | Christian Paternalism | While the Second Great Awakening inspired the North into abolitionist movements, in the South it only led to better treatment, allowed Af-Am entry to church, but manumission. Ot an option. Productions on plantations began to improve. | 26 | |
| 1430911587 | Gabriel Prosser | First leader of significant slave insurrection, plotted and amassed weapons, stopped only by heavy rain and leaked message to the governor of Virginia, who mobilized troops immediately. | 27 | |
| 1430911589 | Denmark Vesey | South Carolina slave who acquired education and freedom through lottery win. After reading abolitionist literature, amassed slaves to amass weapons and slaughter whites, but leaked and thus hanged. John Brown inspired by plan. | 28 | |
| 1430911591 | Nat Turner | Slave preacher and leader of most successful slave uprising in U.S. history in 1831, over 100 slaves killed, leaders hanged. Caused South to become more supportive of slavery, silenced abolitionism in slaveholding states. | 29 | |
| 1430911592 | Frederick Douglass | Son of slave and white man, educated as house servant in secret. Gave abolitionist speeches in 1841, wrote autobiography, traveled abroad and received enough donations to purchase freedom. Edited newspaper North Star, advisor to John Brown and Lincoln. Raised Af-Am regiments. | 30 | |
| 1430911594 | Negro Spirituals | Combination of African and American influences, songs used to pass time during labor or worship. Used as coded messages for the Underground Railroad. | 31 | |
| 1430911595 | Black Codes | Laws passed in South to keep free blacks "in their place", as in restricted to be laborers or craftsmen only, forbade meetings after dark, restricted travel, guns and political participation. Institutionalizes racism that would continue after the Civil War. | 32 | |
| 1430911596 | Hinton R. Helper | Wrote The Impending Crisis of the South, which used statistics from the 1850 census to examine Southern economic weakness, had abolitionist message as well as criticism of upper class preventing lower class of all race from rising up. | 33 | |
| 1430911597 | Positive Good Theory | Southern leaders developed this notion of slavery, "slaves with better lives than those in Africa or northern factory workers", Christian paternalism used for salvation argument. | 34 | |
| 1430911598 | George Fitzhugh | One of most outspoken proponents of the positive good theory, originated the whole "slaves better than northern workers" idea. Held racist views and convinced in class warfare, viewed slave society as the ideal one. Thought that if slaves freed and moved north, they wouldn't be able to adjust or function. | 35 | |
| 1430911599 | William Lloyd Garrison | Editor of The Liberator and organizer of abolitionist societies. Espoused northern secession to prevent evil compromises. After the war was in the fight to ban alcohol and for women's suffrage. | 36 | |
| 1430911600 | Harriet Tubman | Leading "conductor" of the Underground Railroad, helped slaves make north to Canada through a series of safe houses, personally guided about 300. | 37 | |
| 1430911601 | Underground Railroad | Secret series of houses and people against the fugitive slave laws by assisted slaves to freedom, as many as 3200 from 1830-60s. | 38 | |
| 1430911602 | American Colonization Society | Founded in 1817, advocated getting free blacks back to Africa. Republic of Liberia established, about 15,000 left until Nat Turner in 1831. Motive more about ridding an unsolvable problem rather than elevating blacks. | 39 | |
| 1430911603 | Anglophobia | Such as the fear of British annexing territory before the Americans, economic dependence to Britain, suspicion from Canada refusing to join U.S., etc. which would last until the Civil War. | 40 | |
| 1430911604 | Florida | Spain asked for help stopping escaped slaves and Native Americans from entering or raiding Florida. Jackson leads the pursuit, while there finds that British had designs for new colony in Florida, supplying the natives. Fiercest conflict against any indigenous peoples. | 41 | |
| 1430911605 | Adams-Onis Treaty | 1821, Spain's foreign minister Onis recognized Florida holding too tenuous, agreed to sell it in this treaty that also involved U.S. giving up claims to Texas and Spain giving up Oregon territory. Florida entered as slave state. | 42 | |
| 1430911606 | Monroe Doctrine | Brainchild of John Q. Adams, states that U.S. desired no participation in European affairs and Europeans should no longer consider Western Hemisphere open to colonization. | 43 | |
| 1430911607 | Mountain Men | Those who forged paths into the wilderness in pursuit of furs, negotiated for permission to trap, hunt and trade on tribal land. Helped open up trails for western settlement and send back rumors about the west. | 44 | |
| 1430911608 | Stephen Austin | Founder of Texas from a grant from the Mexican government, despite Mexican abolition of slavery, allowed slaves to enter as indentured servants. Chief liaison between Texas and U.S. during Texans vs Mexico war. | 45 | |
| 1430911609 | Texas | Mexican government encouraged northern provinces settlement due to ferocity of natives, successfully done by Americans. Santa Anna, president (more a dictator) of Mexico, attempted to ban further settlement or slave importation. Cotton economy chafed under policies, decide to launch Texas War of Independence. | 46 | |
| 1430911610 | Santa Anna | Rose up through ranks of Spanish army, led Mexican Revolution, declared it a free republic. Put down insurrections and beat other factions, granted dictatorial powers, used army against opponents. | 47 | |
| 1430911611 | Texas War for Independence | Texas declared independence on 1836, Sam Houston commander, volunteers from Tennessee join military. After massacre at Alamo Texans riled up and chased Mexican forces down, defeated it and captured Santa Anna, forcing him to sign the treaty of independence. | 48 | |
| 1430911612 | Alamo | Spanish mission site where 3,000 Mexican troops assaulted 187 men for 13 days. Took many Mexican lives, allowed Houston to win war. | 49 | |
| 1430911613 | Sam Houston | Fought under Andrew Jackson, lived among Cherokee Indians, then served as congressman and later governor of Tennessee. Sent to Texas by Jackson to negotiate with natives, became commander of army. After war elected as president and negotiated for annexation of Texas, which made him senator and later governor. | 50 | |
| 1430911614 | John Tyler | Vice president of Harrison, first accidental presidency following Harrison's death. Clashed with Whigs in cabinet, who all resigned. Backed annexation of Texas as a slave state, which concerned Clay and Adams. | 51 | |
| 1430911615 | James Polk | Democrat who favored expansion of the nation and slavery. Accomplished all campaign promises including acquisition of Oregon Territory, overseeing Texas statehood, reestablished independent treasury system, settling border dispute and debt issues, winning Mexican-American War. Thus brought in rest of American west, while he did stop forces from annexing all od Mexico. | 52 | |
| 1430911678 | Liberal Party | Small party that arose in 1844, main goal to prevent addition of Texas as slave state. Has reverse effect since their votes took away Clay's. | 53 | |
| 1430911679 | Oregon Territory | Stories from mountain men and missionaries ignited a land fever to claim Oregon, which Polk seized as opportunity to annex it, negotiating with Britain, taking only below 49th parallel, despite "54*40 or fight". North relieved at acquisition of territory where slavery not feasible. | 54 | |
| 1430911680 | Bear Flag Revolt | As Polk anticipated clash between Mexico and U.S., positioned troops in California. John C. Fremont assisted white settlers to stage revolt for its independence. | 55 | |
| 1430911681 | Slidell's Mission | John Slidell sent to Mexico to purchase northern provinces for $40m, but while government willing the people complained, thus cancelled, even with clause offering to erase Mexican debt. Polk thus commenced war. | 56 | |
| 1430911682 | Spot Resolutions | Lincoln and other Whigs attempted to stop war with Mexico with the Spot Resolutions, which failed to stop the war but did give voice to sectional debate between north and south. | 57 | |
| 1430911683 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Santa Anna consented to surrender in 1848, the treaty provided that the U.S. pay $15m for the Mexican Cession, did write off the Mexican debt to U.S. Such a magnanimous gesture required to please the divided Senate. | 58 | |
| 1430911684 | Gadsden Purchase | Final border adjustment between U.S. and Mexico in1853, acquired small plot for $10m for creating the best route for a southern transcontinental railroad. End of the addition of contiguous territory in the U.S. | 59 |
