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| 6449568658 | the antigen antibody interaction is used to detect... | presence and/or concentration of a target antigen or antibody | 0 | |
| 6449571231 | what are you actually measuring in an antigen-antibody interaction? | immune complex | 1 | |
| 6449574180 | is the Ag-Ab interaction covalent? | no | 2 | |
| 6449580055 | the precipitin reaction is based on the concept of complexing Ab-Ag forming... | immune complexes | 3 | |
| 6449582981 | precipitation of Ag-Ab in precipitin reaction occurs due to... | insoluble lattice formation | 4 | |
| 6449588867 | Lattice formation in precipitin reaction is optimal during the ___ zone when the concentration of antibody and antigen are such that one antigen bridges ___ Ab molecules | equivalence 2 | 5 | |
| 6449591933 | what happens in areas of Ab excess and Ag excess to the immune complexes? | they are small and soluble | 6 | |
| 6449598634 | what are the rapid visible assays to see Ag-Ab interaction? | precipitation (soluble ag) agglutination (particulate Ag) activation of complement - lysis of RBC | 7 | |
| 6449601689 | what are the longer, more sensitive assays to see Ag-Ab interaction? | labeled reactant instrumentation | 8 | |
| 6449631268 | what does a direct assay measure? | antibody specific for target antigen; | 9 | |
| 6449638716 | what is the detection antibody in direct assay? | primary antibody | 10 | |
| 6449637365 | what does an indirect assay measure? | anti-Ig antibody that has bound to the target antibody-antigen complex; | 11 | |
| 6449641400 | what is the detection antibody in indirect assay? | secondary antibody | 12 | |
| 6449643600 | secondary antibody in indirect assay binds to _______ portion of target | Fc region | 13 | |
| 6449654170 | what is the concept behind titer in the Ag-Ab interaction? | antibody serially diluted and equivalent amounts of Ag added to each tube; visualize different degrees of the immune complex | 14 | |
| 6449662981 | when might you want to know Ab titers? | time course of infection - isotype and concentration absence of titer - no infection or immunodeficiences | 15 | |
| 6449669878 | cross linking of Ab's is dependent on correct proportion of.... | Ag-Ab | 16 | |
| 6449676172 | what is direct agglutination? | particulate antigens - RBC, bacteria | 17 | |
| 6449677566 | agglutination with RBC is called... | hemagglutination | 18 | |
| 6449681860 | what is passive agglutination? | soluble antigen is firmly attached to a particle (latex bead) | 19 | |
| 6449688967 | in passive agglutination, why must you firmly attach Ag to a particle before adding antibody? | because antibody would absorb all Ag and not attach to the particle - concept of agglutination inhibition | 20 | |
| 6449823601 | due to principle of precipitin curve, particulate antigens will agglutinate during.... | equivalence zone | 21 | |
| 6449826923 | what is titer? | highest dilution at which cross linking of particulate antigen is seen | 22 | |
| 6449831831 | what happens in the prozone? | too much Ab inhibits cross linking of particles | 23 | |
| 6449839114 | ABO typing is a common application of what assay? | agglutination (specifically hemagglutination) | 24 | |
| 6449842315 | ABO typing is due to _____ in our blood - | isohemagglutinins | 25 | |
| 6449847474 | in blood banking, isohemagglutinins refers to ... | natural occurring antibodies to ABO blood types | 26 | |
| 6449854370 | if you form agglutinate A, that means you have blood type... | B | 27 | |
| 6449860781 | positive agglutination to a slide coated with antibody to organism or antibody to specific antigen would determine what about the patient? | infected | 28 | |
| 6449870220 | does positive antibody response with agglutination mean you are infected right now? | no | 29 | |
| 6449881545 | slide tests for agglutination show... | formation of large aggregates easily read on glass slide | 30 | |
| 6449885497 | in agglutination in wells, what is a positive reaction? negative reaction? | positive reaction will be diffuse on bottom of the well negative reaction will be a button | 31 | |
| 6449893164 | titer is the maximum dilution that gives visible.. | agglutination | 32 | |
| 6449905217 | hemagluttination inhibition assay is used to detect infection with... | influenza virus | 33 | |
| 6449908215 | influenza virus has hemagglutinin protein on its surface that binds to sialic acid on ________ | RBC | 34 | |
| 6449914104 | if patient has not made influenza antibodies, what does the virus do to the RBCs? | agglutination occurs in the wells | 35 | |
| 6449919988 | if you incubate patients' serum with the influenza virus, what happens if patient has made antibodies? | Abs will bind the virus and INHIBIT virus from binding RBCs and no agglutination occurs (red dot in wells) | 36 | |
| 6449928818 | a positive or negative result of hemagglutination inhibition assay means you have antibody? | negative | 37 | |
| 6449938166 | does agglutination always happen? why? | no because sometimes particulate antigens don't get close enough together to allow Ig molecule to bridge 2 particles | 38 | |
| 6449947460 | Coombs test uses an ________ for the test | anti-immunoglobulin | 39 | |
| 6449951188 | an anti-immunoglobulin is made in.... | another species | 40 | |
| 6449952432 | the anti immunoglobulin recognizes what portion of antibody | Fc | 41 | |
| 6449958284 | coomb's test anti immunoglobulin recognizes antibody bound to an antigen via its ___ fragment | Fab | 42 | |
| 6449960910 | what is direct coomb's test? | heterologous anti immunoglobulin is mixed with particles being tested for presence of antigen; looking for antibody bound to RBCs | 43 | |
| 6449965766 | what is the antigen in direct coomb's test? | Ig | 44 | |
| 6449974066 | what does indirect coomb's test detect? | detect presence of antigens (ab specific to particle) in the serum | 45 | |
| 6449992015 | in the first step of indirect Coomb's test, you isolate patient's ___ and then add ___ | serum target RBCs | 46 | |
| 6450031276 | in the second step of indirect coomb's test, you add _____ which causes what if it is positive? | coombs reagent agglutination if positive | 47 | |
| 6450047620 | Coombs test is especially important in testing for what disease? | hemolytic disease of the newborn | 48 | |
| 6450050219 | describe the direct coombs test for hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh- mother; Rh+ babby)? | take fetal RBC and determine if they agglutinate when adding coombs reagent; if they agglutinate, then fetal RBCs are coated with maternal anti-Rh antibody | 49 | |
| 6450063952 | describe the indirect coombs test for hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh- mother; Rh+ babby)? | take serum from mother and incubate with Rh+ RBC; add coombs reagent and if the test is positive there will be agglutination | 50 | |
| 6450074734 | different between direct and indirect coombs test? | direct measures ab's already bound to particle indirect measures antibodies present in the serum | 51 | |
| 6450239368 | in a precipitin reaction in solution, precipitation occurs when a divalent antibody molecules cross links ___ forming a ______ | 2 Ag molecules lattice | 52 | |
| 6450244053 | when the lattice reaches a certain size, what happens to the precipitin reaction in solution? | loses its solubility and precipitates out of solution | 53 | |
| 6450249008 | in a solid precipitin reaction, what happens? | soluble antigens and antibodies are added to wells in agar; they diffuse and while in equivalence zone there is precipitation that can be visualized | 54 | |
| 6450274594 | explain the process of immunoblotting/western blotting | proteins are denatured, loaded into acrylamide gel plate and subjected to electrical current that causes proteins to migrate based on size; transfer proteins from gel onto a membrane, incubate membrane with antibodies to identify protein of interest | 55 | |
| 6450281447 | migration of proteins in western blotting is relative to their... | weight | 56 | |
| 6450292548 | ____ infection is commonly diagnosed using Western blotting | HIV | 57 | |
| 6450328353 | point of care systems use rapid diagnosis as their key where the principle of these tests is... | blotting | 58 | |
| 6450331849 | how do these point of care systems work? | Ag or Ab is spotted on a strip; patient adds their fluid; kid fluids are added with detection; color change indicates positivity | 59 | |
| 6450334570 | immunocap tests for... | hypersensitivity | 60 | |
| 6450338024 | what is the immunocap test? | membrane spotted with various common allergens | 61 | |
| 6450339274 | immunocap test tests for which specific antibody? | IgE | 62 | |
| 6450341363 | streptatest tests for.. | bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat) | 63 | |
| 6450344164 | streptatest detects ____ antigens in throat swabs | group A Streptococcus | 64 | |
| 6450346258 | in streptatest, the antibody to GAS is located where? | on the strip itself | 65 | |
| 6450367598 | ______ are assays based on the measurement of radioactivity associated with immune complexes | radioimmunoassays (RIAs) | 66 | |
| 6450370474 | ______ are those assays that are based on the measurement of an enzymatic reaction associated with immune complexes | ELISA | 67 | |
| 6450387996 | how is a RIA done? | known amount of radiolabeled Ag mixed with limited antibody so that there will be unlabeled antigen which can be measured; separate bound and unbound and measure bound label | 68 | |
| 6450435504 | what is competitive RIA? | determines an unknown concentration of antigen in serum | 69 | |
| 6450438333 | how is competitive RIA done/what is measured? | known amount of labeled antigen is added and allowed to bind with antibody; unknown antigen is added and competes with labeled antigen. the unlabeled antigen will bind more readily and displaces labeled; measure ratio of the two | 70 | |
| 6450457938 | what is the concept behind ELISA? | detect ag or ab based on ability of plastics to absorb monolayers of protein | 71 | |
| 6450467477 | how is ELISA done? | coat wells with Ag, block unbound sites, add enzyme labeled Ab; Ab specific to the antigen binds the adsorbed antigen; add chromogenic substrate that reacts with enzyme labeled antibody and colormetric readout correlates with amount of antibody bound | 72 | |
| 6450482884 | is ELISA quantitative? | yes - dilution for titer or inhibition assays (competitive ELISA) | 73 | |
| 6450484370 | is ELISA qualitative? | yes | 74 | |
| 6450491619 | how is sandwich ELISA done? | coat plate with Ag specific antibody, add specimin; second antibody specific to antigen of interest is added that will recognize bound antigen if present; anti immunoglobulin that is enzyme labeled is added that recognizes second antibody; substrate is added which the enzyme cleaves and results in color change | 75 | |
| 6450524533 | immunofluorescence has a fluorescent group covalently linked to ____ portion of Ab | Fc | 76 | |
| 6450525863 | immunofluorescence can be done in two ways | direct indirect | 77 | |
| 6450541599 | _____ expressed on cells/microorganisms can be detected by labeled antibodies | epitopes | 78 | |
| 6450544229 | immunohistochemistry is common for detection of specific antigens in ___ and detection of ____ | tissues microorganisms | 79 | |
| 6450548042 | IHC and IF used for identifying (3) | cell type organism protein expression | 80 | |
| 6450553393 | flow cytometry uses immunofluorescence to determine.... | immune cell types and to label and count number of cells | 81 | |
| 6450562758 | what does a complement fixation assay determine? | patient has specific Ab or Ag | 82 | |
| 6450564805 | what does a CH50 test? | tests functioning of patients classic complement pathway | 83 | |
| 6450570159 | both complement activation assays need indicator cells which are.. | sensitized sheep RBCs (SRBCs) | 84 | |
| 6450581732 | in the first stage of complement fixation, you determine if the patient has an antibody to... | specific antigen | 85 | |
| 6450591328 | stage 1 complement fixation: if patient has ab + ag binding, what happens? | immune complex formed and IC will fix complement if appropriate antibody isotype is there | 86 | |
| 6450598634 | in complement fixation stage 2, you first have to determine if there were _____ formed in stage 1 | complement activating immune complexes by amount present, if none present or less, then they were formed | 87 | |
| 6450604912 | complement fixation stage 2: complement from stage 1 reaction is added to the ____ | ab-SRBC complexes | 88 | |
| 6450610147 | in complement fixation stage 2, amount of lysis or SRBC is directly or indirectly correlated with concentration of Ag-Ab complexes made in stage 1 | indirectly | 89 | |
| 6450611900 | if there is lysis of SRBC in complement fixation stage 2, did the patient have the antibody? | no | 90 | |
| 6450616755 | in CH50 assay, the complement activity in plasma is measured by testing the ability of the patient's serum to lysis ..... | antibody coated SRBC | 91 | |
| 6450619381 | CH50 indicates if there is an absence or reduction of activity by any ______ | complement component in the pathway | 92 | |
| 6450622350 | when Ab coated RBC are incubated with normal plasma, the ___ pathway is activated which results in lysis of RBC | classical | 93 | |
| 6450626847 | if a complement component is reduced, the CH50 levels will be greater less than or normal? | less than normal | 94 | |
| 6450630360 | if a complement component is absent, the CH50 level will be... | zero | 95 | |
| 6450662004 | ______ ability of Ab to aggregate particulate antigens | agglutination | 96 | |
| 6450662011 | ______ ability of Ab to precipitate soluble antigens | immunodiffusion | 97 | |
| 6450665984 | _______ ab are chemically modified to quantitate antigens | immunoassays | 98 | |
| 6450669075 | ____ ab's are labeled with fluorochromes and antigen positive cells can be visualized | immunofluorescence and FACs | 99 | |
| 6450675068 | crucial steps for semi-quantification/quantification 1.) use of ___ 2.) use of _____ antibody or antigen 3.) at least on reagent must be in __ form 4.) must be able to separate ______ | titers competitive pure bound from unbound | 100 |
