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| 13638694193 | Italian Humanism | focused on human kind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor | 0 | |
| 13638694194 | Christian Humanism | a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church | 1 | |
| 13638694195 | Civic Humanism | humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society | 2 | |
| 13638694196 | Cosimo de Medici | Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464) | 3 | |
| 13638694197 | Lorenzo de Medici | Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492) | 4 | |
| 13638694198 | Social Changes in the Renaissance | -more education for the upper class and women -increase in art, literature, and math -well rounded in knowledge -women decreased in social status -a women's job was seen as to be pleasing to a man -society became based on money and less on allegiances as during feudalism -influence and power of the Roman Catholic Church began to decline -popularity of religion actually increased -reason and logic became more important than religion -cities grew and prospered | 5 | |
| 13638694199 | Baldassare Castiglione | An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman. | 6 | |
| 13638694200 | Machiavelli | Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." | 7 | |
| 13638694201 | Petrarch | the father of Italian Renaissance humanism | 8 | |
| 13638694202 | Italian Wars (Hapsburg-Valois Wars) | 1494- 1559. Wars fought between Valois and Habsburg Dynasties for control of Italy and religious dominance (Valois in France were Catholic and Hapsburgs in Austria were Lutheran). Many other monarchs involved. Eventually the Habsburgs won. Italian ideas spread to the North during this time. Spain replaces Italy as power center of Europe. | 9 | |
| 13638694203 | Lorenzo Valla | humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery | 10 | |
| 13638694204 | Johannes Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) | 11 | |
| 13638694205 | Donatello | Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466) |  | 12 |
| 13638694206 | Leonardo da Vinci | A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa. The Renaissance Man. |  | 13 |
| 13638694207 | Michelangelo | (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. |  | 14 |
| 13638694208 | Rafael | Italian painter and architect; Known for his painting of 'The School of Athens" |  | 15 |
| 13638694209 | Van Eyck | Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441) |  | 16 |
| 13638694210 | Rembrandt | Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus |  | 17 |
| 13638694211 | Albrecht Durer | Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles). Did a self portrait facing straight on (God's angle). Tried to replicate the natural world in his works |  | 18 |
| 13638694212 | New Monarchies | Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions | 19 | |
| 13638694213 | Ferdinand and Isabella | During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation (Spanish Inquisition) and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus. | 20 | |
| 13638694214 | Reconquista | The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. | 21 | |
| 13638694215 | Expulsion of Jews from Spain | 1492. Isabella and Ferdinand required Jews to leave or convert w/in 6 months. Created Spanish Inquisition- and to prove sincerity of conversions to Christianity, they had to expel other religions. | 22 | |
| 13638694216 | Henry VII | ended the War of Roses; established the Court of Star Chamber; reorganized England's finances; ignored Parilaiment | 23 | |
| 13638694217 | Henry VIII | (1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. | 24 | |
| 13638694218 | Pope Leo X | began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Martin Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church | 25 | |
| 13638694219 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. Advocated for military expansion against the Muslims in North Africa; wanted God, Glory, and Gold | 26 | |
| 13638694220 | Christopher Columbus | He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. | 27 | |
| 13638694221 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 28 | |
| 13638694222 | Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 29 | |
| 13638694223 | Montezuma | Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors | 30 | |
| 13638694224 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). | 31 | |
| 13638694225 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | 32 | |
| 13638694226 | Triangular Trade | A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa | 33 | |
| 13638694227 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 34 | |
| 13638694228 | Erasmus | Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; defined the Northern Humanist movement; wrote In Praise of Folly | 35 | |
| 13638694229 | Sir Thomas More | (1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his religious beliefs. | 36 | |
| 13638694230 | Italian diplomacy | Italy was divided into individual city-states, whose citizens were intensely loyal to their respective city-state, and distrusting of others. If one city-state gained too much power, others would form shifting, temporary alliances to check their power. Larger cities would use diplomacy, spies, paid informers, etc. to get information to advance their ambitions. The foundations of modern diplomacy began with the stationing of permanent ambassadors, cordial relations, and embassies. | 37 | |
| 13638694231 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 38 | |
| 13638694232 | Papal States | A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929. | 39 | |
| 13638694233 | Renaissance Florence | This was the home of humanism and the center of the Italian Renaissance movement. It was a republic governed by a small group of merchants, including Cosimo d'Medici and later Lorenzo d'Medici (oligarchy). This government was maintained as Republican for appearance sake but behind the scenes the Medici family courted political allies (great example of appearance vs. reality). | 40 | |
| 13638694234 | Renaissance Milan | Italian city-state- manufactured weapons and silk in Renaissance Italy | 41 | |
| 13638694235 | Renaissance Venice | Interested in sfumato, color and light; subject matter was poetry and pleasure of the sense (poesia); less religious and more concerned with mood; lots of sensual nude figures (Titian used a red oil base to create a luminous image (Venetian glow)); used lots of allegory. An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople. | 42 | |
| 13638694236 | Renaissance Naples | Focal point in the Italian renaissance | 43 | |
| 13638694237 | Leon Batista Alberti | An Italian Humanist who encouraged people to be ambitious and action-oriented. He believed that doing so meant living up to the potential that God had established for humans. This included the desire to get rich. A Renaissance Man. | 44 | |
| 13638694238 | Francesco Sforza | The Duke of Milan and the old ruler of the city-states of Italy | 45 | |
| 13638694239 | Isabella d'Este | Marchioness of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure; patron of the arts; leader of fashion, whose innovative style of dressing was copied by women throughout Italy and at the French court. | 46 | |
| 13638694240 | Borgia Family | A Valencian-Italian noble family of terrible (and mostly deserved) reputation, the Borgias featured importantly in renaissance Italian politics. Notable members of the family included Rodrigo, who went on to become Pope Alexander VI, and Ceasare, son of Rodrigo, and the inspiration for Machiavelli's "The Prince." | 47 | |
| 13638986206 | Pope Alexander VI | A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church. | 48 | |
| 13638694241 | Leonardi Bruni | wrote "Humanities": Instrumental in establishing a humanist curriculum that focuses on classicism during the Renaissance; humanist educational movement restores tradition of secular rational historical writing; believed history is a guide for life today; "History to better understand ourselves" | 49 | |
| 13638694242 | Masaccio | A Florentine painter who used mathematical laws to pioneer the technique of perspective. High Renaissance; known for the Tribute Money and the Holy Trinity |  | 50 |
| 13638694243 | Louis XI (the spider) | Wily, devious, King of France, Retained the taille as a permanent tax, tried to repress the French nobility | 51 | |
| 13638694244 | Charles the Bold | Duke of Burgundy that attempted to create a middle kingdom between France and Germany. Louis XI opposed his action and Charles was killed in battle against the Swiss. Louis took his lands and started to develop a strong French Monarchy. | 52 | |
| 13638694245 | Ivan III (Great) | Powerful prince of Russia who finally defeated and expelled the Mongolians in the 1500's | 53 | |
| 13638694246 | Ivan IV (Terrible) | First absolute tsar of Russia who crushed the boyars, giving him a nasty reputation; founder of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia | 54 | |
| 13638694247 | Mehmed II | "the Conqueror"; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople, 1453, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. | 55 | |
| 13638694248 | Renaissance Popes | Popes that ruled after the Great Schism who had much power and became more of a spiritual leader but still had some authority in politics and warfare. | 56 | |
| 13638694249 | European Explorers | After Columbus "discovered" America for the Europeans, a steady stream of explorers came the New World: French to Canada and the Mississippi River, English to the East Coast, and the Spanish to the Caribbean and South and Central America. | 57 | |
| 13638694250 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 58 | |
| 13638694251 | Line of Demarcation | This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America | 59 | |
| 13638694252 | Dowries | the property a woman brings to her husband at marriage | 60 | |
| 13638694253 | Doge | The head of the state in Venice | 61 | |
| 13638694254 | Oligarchy | A government ruled by a few powerful people | 62 | |
| 13638694255 | Secularism | An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education. | 63 | |
| 13638694256 | Diplomacy | The practice of conducting negotiations between countries | 64 | |
| 13638694257 | "New Monarchies" of the Renaissance | The reestablishment of several monarchies in Europe during the late 1400s; Engalnd: Tudor Dynasty; France: Charles VII/Louis XI; Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella | 65 | |
| 13638694258 | Conversos | Converted Jews in Spain. They were one of the targets of the Inquisition, in 1492, the Jews were exiled and their properties were seized. | 66 | |
| 13638694259 | Renaissance Slavery | The purchase, ownership, or other trafficking of humans as property during the Renaissance; guild systems were also seen as a form of slavery | 67 | |
| 13638694260 | Visconti Family | a noble family that ruled over Milan. Came to power in 1278, ruling without constitutional restraints or serious political competition. | 68 | |
| 13638694261 | Peace of Lodi | treaty between Milan and Venice that ended the war of succession to Milan in favor of Sforza that balanced the power between Venice, Milan, Naples, Florence and the Papal States | 69 | |
| 13638694262 | Neoplatonism | a school of religious philosophy founded in the 3rd century A.D. and based on the teachings of Plato | 70 | |
| 13638694263 | Hermeticism | Belief that human beings had been created as divine creative power, but had freely chosen to enter the material world, created by Ficino who was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici | 71 | |
| 13638694264 | Star Chamber | Instituted by Henry VII, centralizes England's finances | 72 | |
| 13638694265 | House of Jagiellon | Polish Dynasty that ruled the Polish Renaissance where the cultural identity differentiates itself from the rest of Eastern Europe | 73 | |
| 13638694266 | Francois Rabelais | Former monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor. | 74 |
