A&P 1
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| 412459133 | Skeletal System | Bones, Ligaments, Cartlage 1. Supports 2. Protects 3. movement 4. Mineral Storage (Ca+, others) 5. White / RBC production | |
| 412459134 | Cartilage and Ligaments | Connective Tissue made of 3 Main Things 1. Specialized Cells 2. ExtraCellular Protein fibers 3. Ground Substance | |
| 412459135 | Specialized Cells | 1.Hyan Cartilage consists of specialized cells that produce a matrix surrounding the cells. 2. Chondrocyte | |
| 412459136 | Chondrocyte | "Chondro" meaning Cartilage "Cyte" meaning cell Main cell in bone and cartilage | |
| 412459137 | Extracellular Protein Fibers | Composed of: 1. Collagen 2. Elastic Fibers 3. Reticular Fibers | |
| 412459138 | Collagen | Most Common Relatively Straight *Tremendous Tensile Strength | |
| 412459139 | Collagen Elastic Fibers | When bent, will rebound to original position | |
| 412459140 | Collagen Reticular Fibers | Branched/interwoven resist forces in many different directions Help hold blood vessels and organs in place | |
| 412459141 | Collagen Ground Substance | fills in the spaces between the cells and fibers 1. Matrix: extracellular protein fibers + Ground Substance 2. Chondrocytes: 3. Lacunae: space w/in matrix that houses Chondrocytes 4. Perichondrium: Fibrous membrane that surrounds cartilage |  |
| 412459142 | Types of Cartilage | 1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage | |
| 412459143 | Hyaline Cartilage | most common type of cartilage 1. 40% of mass composed of collagen fibers 2. stiff, yet slightly flexible 3. reduces friction @ bones ends 4. Shock absorber 5. Find @ joint surfaces, trachael rings, costal cartilage. |  |
| 412459144 | Elastic Cartilage | Contains elastic Fibers 1. Stiff, yet more flexible 2. Rebounds to original position 3. Found in Ear | |
| 412459145 | Fibrocartilage | 1.very little ground substance 2.tremendous amount of collagen fiber 3.Extremely tough, yet durable 4.Important for shock absorption 5. Found in Intervertebral Discs |  |
| 412459146 | Bone | Similar to cartilage in make-up 1. Matrix 2. Ground Substance 3. Fibers 4. Specialized Cells: Ostoblasts/ Osteocytes/ Osteoclasts/ Osteoprogenitors | |
| 412459147 | Bone Matrix | 1. Ground substance 2. Fibers | |
| 412459148 | Bone Ground Substances | Ca3(PO4)2 (Calcium Phosphate) + CaOH (Calcium Hydroxide) -> Hydroxyapatite 1. Allows for us to withstand compressive forces | |
| 412459149 | Bone Fibers | Predominantly collagen fibers make up about 1/3 the weight of the bone. 1. withstand tremendous impact forces 2. provide flexibility to bone, can bend some | |
| 412459150 | Bone Specialized Cells | 1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocyte 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteoprogenitor | |
| 412459151 | Osteoblasts | Immature Bone cell *secretes bony matrix | |
| 412459152 | Osteocyte | mature bone cell *surrounded by bony matrix | |
| 412459153 | Osteoclasts | multinucleated immunocompetent cell Releases Ca+ into bood | |
| 412459154 | Osteoprogenitor | makes osteoblasts | |
| 412467870 | Compact Bone (Diaphysis) | Very Dense, forming outer layer of bone. 1. Osteons 2. Interstitial Lamellae 3. Canal of Volkmann 4. Periosteum |  |
| 412467871 | Osteons | Functional unit of the compact bone, Cylindrical shaped. 1. Haversian System. Has central system (haversian canal) 2. blood vessels 3. Lamellae 4. Osteocytes between lamellae 5. Canaliculi |  |
| 412467872 | Interstitial Lamellae | Lie between osteons and have no blood supply | |
| 412467873 | Canal of Volkmann | How Haversian canals communicate with outside veins and canals. Always run transverse | |
| 412467874 | Periosteum | Outer layer of bone 1.Outer layer is fibrous(collagen). Protects bone / separates it from other tissues 2. Inner Layer is a cellular layer. Involved in regeneration/remodeling. | |
| 412467875 | Spongy Bone (Epiphysis) | Forms a network of struts and plates within central region. 1. No Osteons located here 2. Interstitial lamellae are called Trabeculae. 3. Help reduce weight of skeleton 4. Protect and house red/yellow marrow |  |
| 412467876 | Long Bone Structure | 1.Diaphysis - compact bone 2. Epiphysis - spongy bone 3. Epiphyseal Plate - Hyaline Cartilage growth plates 4. Medullary Cavity - filled w/yellow marrow 5. Red marrow -> blood Yellow Marrow -> Adipose |  |
| 412467877 | Bone Ossification | 1. Enchondral Ossification (Cartilage to Bone) 2. Intramembranous Ossification (Connective Tissue to Bone) | |
| 412467878 | Enchondral Ossification (Cartilage to Bone) | Begins w/cartilage formation as an embryo, how long bones develop. 1. Chondrocytes enlarge and their lacunae enlarge with them, reducing the matrix to small struts(trabeculae) that begin to calcify 2. blood vessels encircle diaphysis and cartilage cells are converted to osteoblasts which cause calcification of the diaphysis. 3. blood vessels pierce diaphysis growing into the medulla, allowing fibroblasts to migrate into medulla where they are converted to osteoblasts. 4. Capillaries and osteoblasts move to the perimeter to replace cartilage tissue |  |
| 412467879 | Intramembranous Ossification (Connective Tissue to Bone) | 1. Osteoblasts cluster in deep layers of the dermis, secrete a matrix that mineralizes through crystalization of calcium salts. 2. Bone grows outward from center in structs called spicules 3. Spaces between struts fill in with calcium |  |
