Vocabulary words for Chapter 10 (Rome), Chapter 16 (Early Medieval Art), Chapter 17 (Romanesque), Chapter 18 (Gothic), Chapter 19 (Fourteenth Century in Italy), and Chapter 20 (Fifteenth-Century Art in Northern Europe)
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| 291033150 | Composite Capital | A capital with an ornate combination of Ionic volutes and Corinthian acanthus leaves that become popular in Roman times. | 0 | |
| 291033151 | First Style | The earliest style of Roman mural painting. Also called the masonry style, because the aim of the artist was to imitate, using painted stucco relief, the appearance of costly marble panels. | 1 | |
| 291033152 | Fourth Style | In Roman mural painting, the Fourth Style marks a return to architectural illusionism, but the architectural vistas of the Fourth Srtyle are irrational fantasies. | 2 | |
| 291033153 | Second Style | In Roman mural painting, from ca. 80 to ca. 15 B.C. the aim was to dissolve the confining walls of a room and replace them with the illusion of a three-dimensional world constructed in the artist's imagination. | 3 | |
| 291033154 | Apotheosis | Elevated to the rank of gods or the ascent to heaven. | 4 | |
| 291033155 | Apse | A recess, usually singular and semi-circular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a Christian church. | 5 | |
| 291033156 | Arch | A curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally. A diaphragm arch is a transverse, wall-bearing arch that divides a vault or a ceiling into compartments, providing a kind of firebreak. | 6 | |
| 291033157 | Atrium | (plural: atria); the court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica. | 7 | |
| 291033158 | Basilica | In Roman architecture, a public building for assemblies (especially tribunals), rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse ar the other, creating an axial plan. | 8 | |
| 291033159 | Buttress | An exterior masonry structure that opposes the lateral thrust of an arch or a vault. A pier buttress is a solid mass of masonry; a flying buttress consists typically of an inclined member carried on an arch or a series of arches and a solid buttress to which it transmits lateral thrust. | 9 | |
| 291033160 | Chi-rho-iota | The three initial letters of Christ's name in Greek (XPI), which came to serve as a monogram for Christ. | 10 | |
| 291033161 | Coffer | A sunken panel, often ornamental, in a soffit, a vault, or a ceiling. | 11 | |
| 291033162 | Concrete | A building material invented by the Romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones. From the Latin caementa, from which the English "cement" is derived. | 12 | |
| 291033163 | Continuous Narration | In painting or sculpture, the convention of the same figure appearing more than once in the same space at different stages in a story. | 13 | |
| 291033164 | Drum | The circular wall that support a dome; also, one of the cylindrical stones of which a non-monolithic shaft of a column is made. | 14 | |
| 291033165 | Encaustic | A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot. | 15 | |
| 291033166 | Forum | The public square of an anicent Roman city. | 16 | |
| 291033167 | Groin | The edge formed by the intersection of two vaults. | 17 | |
| 291033168 | Groin or Cross Vault | Formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults of equal size. Lighter in appearance than the barrel vault, the groin vault requires less buttressing. | 18 | |
| 291033169 | Insula | In Roman architecture, a multistory apartment house, usually made of brick-faced concrete; also refers to an entire city block. | 19 | |
| 291033170 | Menorah | The seven-branched candelabrum used in Jewish religious practices. | 20 | |
| 291033171 | Oculus | (plural: oculi); the round central opening or "eye" of a dome. Also, small round windows in Gothic cathedrals. | 21 | |
| 291033172 | Patricians | Freeborn landowners of the Roman Republic. | 22 | |
| 291033173 | Plebeian | In the Roman Republic, the social class that included small farmers, merchants, and freed slaves. | 23 | |
| 291033174 | Porphyry | Purple marble | 24 | |
| 291033175 | Pseudoperipteral | In Roman architecture, a pseudoperipteral temple has a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade. | 25 | |
| 291033176 | Rusticate | To give a rustic appearance by roughening the surfaces and beveling the edges of stone blocks to emphasize the joints between them. A technique popular during the Renaissance, especially for the stone courses at the ground-floor level. | 26 | |
| 291033177 | Spandrel | The roughly triangular space enclosed by the curves of adjacent arches and a horizontal member connecting their vertexes; also, the space enclosed by the curve of an arch and an enclosing right angle. The area between the arch proper and the framing columns and entablature. | 27 | |
| 291033178 | Hiberno-Saxon | An art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages. (also called insular) | 28 | |
| 291033179 | Alternate-Support System | In medieval church architecture, the use of alternating wall supports in the nave, usually piers and columns or compound piers of alternating form. | 29 | |
| 291033180 | Carpet Pages | In early medieval manuscripts, decorative pages resembling textiles. | 30 | |
| 291033181 | Cloisonné | A process of enameling employing cloisons. | 31 | |
| 291033182 | Horror Vacui | Literally, "fear of empty space", a technique of design in which an entire surface is covered with pattern. | 32 | |
| 291033183 | Lectionary | A book containing passages from the Gospels, arranged in the sequence that they were to be read during the celebration of religious services, including the Mass, throughout the year. | 33 | |
| 291033184 | Relics | In Christianity, the body parts, clothing, or objects associated with a saint or with Christ himself. | 34 | |
| 291033185 | Reliquary | A container for keeping relics. | 35 | |
| 291033186 | Repoussé | Formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face. The metal is hammered into a hollow mold of wood or some other pliable material and finished with a graver. | 36 | |
| 291033187 | Stringcourse | A raised horizontal building, or band in masonry, ornamental but usually reflecting interior structure. | 37 | |
| 291033188 | Crusades | In medieval Europe, armed pilgrimages aimed at recapturing the Holy Land from the Muslims. | 38 | |
| 291033189 | Romanesque | Literally, "Roman-like". A term used to described the history, culture, and art of medieval western Europe from about 1050 to about 1200. | 39 | |
| 291033190 | Archivolt | One of a series of concentric bands on a Romanesque or a Gothic arch. | 40 | |
| 291033191 | Baptistery | In Christian architecture, the building used for baptism, usually situated next to a church. | 41 | |
| 291033192 | Campanile | A bell tower of a church, usually, but not always, freestanding. | 42 | |
| 291033193 | Cathedra | Literally, the seat of the bishop, from which the word cathedral is derived. | 43 | |
| 291033194 | Cloister | A monastery courtyard, usually with covered walks or ambulatories along its sides. | 44 | |
| 291033195 | Compound Pier | A pier witha group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, especially characterisitc of Gothic architecture. | 45 | |
| 291033196 | Feudalism | The medieval political, social, and economic system held together by the relationship of a liege-lord and vassal. | 46 | |
| 291033197 | Jamb | In architecture, the side posts of a doorway. | 47 | |
| 291033198 | Radiating Chapels | In medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept. | 48 | |
| 291033199 | Sculpture in the Round | Freestanding figures, carved or modeled in three dimensions. | 49 | |
| 291033200 | Sexpartite Vaults | Vaults whose ribs spring from the compound piers. The branching ribs divide the large rectangular vault compartment into six sections. | 50 | |
| 291033201 | Expressionism | Twentieth-century modernist art that is the result of the artist's unique inner or personal vision and that often has an emotional dimension. This contrasts with art focused on visually describing the empirical world. It is characterized by bold, vigorous brushwork, emphatic line, and bright color. Two important groups of an early twentieth-century German expressionists were Die Brucke, in Bresden, and Der Blaue Reiter, in Munich. | 51 | |
| 291033202 | Flamboyant Style | A Late Gothic style of architecture superseding the Rayonnant style and named for the flamelike appearance of its pointed bar tracery. | 52 | |
| 291033203 | Perpendicular Style | The last English Gothic style, also known as Tudor, characterized by a strong vertical emphasis and dense thickets of ornamental vault ribs that serve entirely decorative functions. | 53 | |
| 291033204 | Rayonnant | The "radiant" style of Gothic architecture, dominant in the second half of the thirteenth century and associated with the French royal court of Louis IX at Paris. | 54 | |
| 291033205 | Bar Tracery | Ornamental work with branching lines; decorative openwork in the head of a Gothic window; stone skeleton that will hold the stain glass - looks like lace, but it's really stone) | 55 | |
| 291035385 | Clerestory | The fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts. In Roman basilicas and medieval churches, the windows that form the nave's uppermost level below the timber ceiling or the vaults. | 56 | |
| 291035386 | Compound Pier | A pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture. | 57 | |
| 291035387 | Fan Vault | A development of lierne vaulting characteristic of English Perpendicular Gothic, in which radiating ribs from a fan-like pattern. | 58 | |
| 291035388 | Lancet | In Gothic architecture, tall narrow window ending in pointed arch. | 59 | |
| 291035389 | Nave Arcade | In basilica architecture, the series of arches supported by the piers separating the nave from the side aisles. | 60 | |
| 291035390 | Ogee Arch | A Late Gothic arch made up of two double-curving lines meeting at a point. | 61 | |
| 291035391 | Pinnacle | In Gothic churches, a sharply pointed ornament capping the piers or flying buttresses; also used in church facades. | 62 | |
| 291035392 | Quatrefoil | A shape or plan in which the parts assume the form of a cloverleaf. | 63 | |
| 291035393 | Rose Window | A circular stained glass window. | 64 | |
| 291044226 | Cosmati | A group of twelfth to fourteenth-century craftsmen who worked in marble and mosaic, creating work (known as Cosmato work) characterized by inlays of gold and precious or semiprecious stones and finely cut marble in geometric patterns. | 65 | |
| 291044227 | International Style | A style of fourteenth and fifteenth-century painting begun by Simone Martini, who adapted the French Gothic manner to Sienese art fused with influences from the North. This style appealed to the aristocracy because of its brilliant color, lavish costume, intricate ornament, and themes involving splendid processions of knights and ladies. Also a style of twentieth-century architecture associated with Le Corbusier, whose elegance of designc ame to influence the look of modern office buildings and skyscrapers. | 66 | |
| 291044228 | Naturalism | The doctrine that art should adhere as closely as possible to the appearance of the natural world. This, with varying degrees of fidelity to appearance, recurs in the history of Western art. | 67 | |
| 291044229 | Cartoon | In painting, a full-size preliminary drawing from which a painting is made. | 68 | |
| 291044230 | Chiaroscuro | In drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling. | 69 | |
| 291044231 | Fresco | Painting on lime plaster, either dry or wet. In the latter method (true or buon), the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster. Also, a painting executed in either method. | 70 | |
| 291044232 | Grisaille | A monochrome painting done mainly in neutral grays to stimulate sculpture. | 71 | |
| 291044233 | Humanism | In the Renaissance, an emphasis on education and on expanding knowledge (especially of classical antiquity), the exploration of individual potential and a desire to excel, and a commitment to civic responsibility and moral duty. | 72 | |
| 291044234 | Maestà | A depiction of the Virgin Mary as the Queen of Heaven enthroned in majesty amid choruses of angels and saints. | 73 | |
| 291044235 | Mendicants | In medieval Europe, friars belonging to the Franciscan and Dominican orders, who renounced all worldly goods, lived by contributions of laypeople, and evoted themselves to preaching, teaching, and doing good works. (this word literally means "beggar"). | 74 | |
| 291044236 | Ogive | (adjective: ogival); The diagonal rib of a Gothic vault; a pointed, or Gothic church. | 75 | |
| 291044237 | Perspective | A formula for projecting an illusion of the three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional surface. | 76 | |
| 291044238 | Linear Perspective | (single vanishing point); the most common type of perspective. This means that all parallel lines or lines of projection seem to converge on one, two, or three points located with reference to the eye level of the viewer (the horizon line of the picture), known as vanishing points, and associated objects are rendered smaller the farther from the viewer they are intended to seem. | 77 | |
| 291044239 | Atmospheric Perspective | (also can be known as aerial perspective); this creates the illusion of distance by the greater diminution of color intensity, the shift in color toward an almost neutral blue, and the blurring of contours as the intended distance between eye and object increases. | 78 | |
| 291044240 | Polyptych | An altarpiece made up of more than three sections. | 79 | |
| 291044241 | Predella | The narrow ledge on which an altarpiece rests on an altar. | 80 | |
| 291044242 | Stucco | Fine plaster or cement used as a coating for walls or for decoration. | 81 | |
| 291044243 | Arras | A kind of tapestry originating in Arras, a town in northeastern France. | 82 | |
| 291044244 | Engraving | The process of incising a design in hard material, often a metal plate (usually copper); also, the pring or impression made from such a plate. | 83 | |
| 291044245 | Etching | A kind of engraving in which the design is incised in a layer of wax or varnish on a metal plate. The parts of the plate left exposed are then etched (slightly eaten away) by the acid in which the plate is immersed after incising. | 84 | |
| 291044246 | Gesso | Plaster mixed with a binding material and used for reliefs and as a ground for painting. | 85 | |
| 291044247 | Intaglio | A graphic technique in which the design is incised, or scratched, on a metal plate, either manually (engraving, dry point) or chemically (etching). The incised lines of the design take the ink, making this the reverse of the woodcut technique. | 86 | |
| 291044248 | Pietà | A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of Christ. | 87 | |
| 291044249 | Retables | An architectural screen or wall above and behind an altar, usually containing painting, sculpture, carving, or other decorations. | 88 | |
| 291044250 | Sfumato | A smokeline haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting; particularly applied to the painting of Leonardo and Correggio. | 89 |
