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| 136969043 | animal characteristics | -multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes -no cell wall, cells held with collagen -nerve and muscle tissue -sexual reproduction | |
| 136969044 | cleavage | mitotic divisions after fertilization | |
| 136969045 | blastula | hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage | |
| 136969046 | gastrulation | forms the primitive gut (adult body parts will arise from these embryonic tissues in the gastrula) | |
| 136969047 | germ layers | Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body. | |
| 136969048 | ectoderm | "blue" gives rise to the outer surface and sometimes nervous system | |
| 136969049 | endoderm | "yellow" lines the digestive tube (archenteron) | |
| 136969050 | mesoderm | "red" forms muscles and many organs | |
| 136969051 | Parazoa | no true tissue | |
| 136969052 | Phylum Porifera | -(Parazoa) -sponges -sessile -loose federation of cells, -no mesoderm, asymmetrical -filter feeders -water into pores into spongocoel exits osculum -food filtered out by choanocytes -most are hermaphrodites | |
| 136969053 | spongocoel | large central cavity of the sponge | |
| 136969054 | osculum | A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled | |
| 136969055 | choanocytes | flagellated collar cells in sponges that filter food | |
| 136969056 | Eumetazoa | true tissue | |
| 136969057 | Radiata | radial symmetry, diploplastic | |
| 136969058 | diploblastic | have only 2 germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) | |
| 136969059 | Phylum Cnidaria | -(Eumetazoa, Radiata) -hydra, jelly fish, sea anemonem coral -gastrovascular cavity -single opening for mouth/anus -polyp and medusa form -nematocysts -sexual and asexual reproduction -muscles and nerves in simplest form | |
| 136969060 | nematocysts | stinging capsules located in special cells called cnidocytes (on tentacles) | |
| 136969061 | cnidocytes | special cells with nematocysts | |
| 136969062 | Phylum Ctenophora | -(Eumetazoa, Radiata) -similar to Cnidaria -comb jellies -move by cilia fused into combs | |
| 136969063 | Acoelomates | no coelom (body cavity) | |
| 136969064 | Bilateria | bilateral symmetry, triploblastic | |
| 136969065 | coelom | mesoderm lined body cavity besides the digestive cavity | |
| 136969066 | Phylum Platyhelminthes | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Acoelomate) -flatworms -some free living, some parasitic -some cephalization -no body cavity -mesoderm gives rise to more complex organs and true muscle tissue -one opening digestive tract | |
| 136969067 | cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body | |
| 136969068 | Pseudocoelomates | triploblastic, body cavity but not completely enclosed by mesoderm | |
| 136969069 | Phylum Rotifera | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Pseudocoelomate) -complete digestive tract (mouth and anus) -parthenogenesis | |
| 136969070 | parthenogenesis | process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual | |
| 136969071 | Phylum Nematoda | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Pseudocoelomate) -round worms -many free living, some parasitic -hookworm, pinworm, Trichina | |
| 136969072 | Coelomates | body cavity completely enclosed by mesoderm besides digestive cavity, triploblastic | |
| 136969073 | Protostomes | spiral, determinate cleavage (cells have designated purpose right away), blastopore becomes mouth | |
| 136969074 | Phylum Nemertea | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -proboscis worms (ribbon worms) -complete digestive tract -closed circulatory system -many evolved away from coelom | |
| 136969075 | P. Bryozoa, P. Phoronida, P. Brachiopoda | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -Lophophorate animals, have horse-shoe shaped fold with cilia surrounding the mouth -evolved into filter feeders -complete digestive tract | |
| 136969076 | Phylum Mollusca | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -snails, slugs, oysters, octopus -separate sexes or hermaphrodites (snails) -muscular foot -visceral mass -mantle -radula -(3 classes to remember) | |
| 136969077 | mantle | fold of tissue that covers visceral mass, often secretes shell | |
| 136969078 | visceral mass | contains organs | |
| 136969079 | radula | rasping organ that scrapes up food | |
| 136969080 | Class Gastropoda | (Mollusca) -stomach foot -snails | |
| 136969081 | Class Bivalva | (Mollusca) -2 shells -clams | |
| 136969082 | Class Cephalopoda | (Mollusca) -head foot -octopus -internal shell | |
| 136969083 | Phylum Annelida | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -segmented worms (earthworm) -closed circulatory system -cerebral ganglia & nerve cords -metanephridia | |
| 136969084 | metanephridia | each segment has 2 to excrete metabolic waste | |
| 136969085 | Phylum Arthropoda | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Protostome) -regional segmentation -jointed appendages -exoskeleton -molting -extensive cephalization -open circulatory system -internal fertilization -(5 classes to remember) | |
| 136969086 | Class Arachnida | (Arthropoda) -scorpians, spiders, ticks, mites -cephalothorax with 6 pairs appendages -2 pr chelicerae (sensing), 4 pair walking leg | |
| 136969087 | Class Diplopoda | (Arthropoda) -millipedes -2 pr. leg per segment -eat decaying matter | |
| 136969088 | Class Chilopoda | (Arthropoda) -centipedes -1 pr. leg per segment -carnivores -poisonous | |
| 136969089 | Class Insecta | (Arthropoda) -wings are extension of cuticle -most successful terrestrial -tracheal system for gas exchange -maliphigian tubules for excretion of metabolic waste -cerebral ganglium -many undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis | |
| 136969090 | Class Crustacea | (Arthropoda) -crabs, lobsters, shrimp -2 pr. antennae -appendages on thorax and abdomen | |
| 136969091 | Deuterostomes | radial, indeterminate cleavage (cells function not immediately determined), blastopore becomes anus | |
| 136969092 | Phylum Echinodermata | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Deuterostomes) -sea stars, sea urchins -water vascular system -tube feet (for locomotion) -external fertilization | |
| 136969093 | water vascular system | network of hydraulic canals | |
| 136969094 | Phylum Chordata | -(Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Coelomate, Deuterostome) -notochord -dorsal, hollow nerve cord -pharyngeal gill slits -muscular, post-anal tail -segmented | |
| 136969095 | notochord | flexible rod between digestive and nerve cords | |
| 136969096 | dorsal, hollow nerve cord | from ectoderm rolling into a tube | |
| 136969097 | Subphylum Urochordata | -Phylum Chordata -Invertebrate -sessile as adult | |
| 136969098 | Subphylum Cephalochordata | -Phylum Chordata -invertebrates -may have evolved from paedogenesis of Urochordata | |
| 136969099 | Subphylum Vertebrata | -Phylum Chordata -neural crest -high degree cephalization -vertebral column and cranium -closed circulatory system | |
| 136969100 | neural crest | embryonic cells forming on dorsal part of neural tube: go to make up bones and cartilage of brain case (skull) | |
| 136969101 | Class Agnatha | -jawless fish -lampreys and hagfish -considered a superclass divided into class myxini (hagfish) and class cephalaspidomorphii (lampreys) | |
| 136969102 | Superclass Gnathostomata | - includes fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, and amphibians -jaws work up and down -2 sets of paired appendages | |
| 136969103 | Class Chondrichthyes | -cartilage fish -sharks, skates, rays -lateral line system -internal fertilization -oviparous, ovoviviparious, and viviparous -have to move to keep water over gills -2 chambered heart | |
| 136969104 | lateral line system | row of tiny organs sensitive to changes in water pressure, help detect sound waves and splashing | |
| 136969105 | oviparous | eggs hatch outside body | |
| 136969106 | ovoviviparous | eggs hatch inside uterus after being nourished by yolk | |
| 136969107 | viviparous | give birth to live young that receive nourishment from mother's blood | |
| 136983665 | Class Osteichthyes | -bony fish -common fish are these -lateral line system -operculum, protective flap over gills -can breathe while stationary -swim bladder (air sac maintaining buoyancy) -oviparous, external fertilization -2 chambered heart -(2 subclasses to remember) | |
| 136983666 | Subclass Actinopterygii | (Osteichthyes) -ray finned fish, most fish known today -bass, salmon, perch, etc. | |
| 136983667 | Subclass Sarcopterygii | (Osteichthyes) -lobe-finned fish/lung fishes -not many left, once dominant predator in shallow water -can gulp air into lungs when ponds dry up -gave rise to amphibians | |
| 136983668 | Class Amphibia | -close ties with water -must lay eggs in water or moist environment -eggs are no shelled and dry out easily -need moist skin to absorb oxygen from air -external ferilization -3 chambered heart -(3 orders to remember) | |
| 136983669 | Order Urodela | (Amphibia) -tailed -salamanders | |
| 136983670 | Order Anura | (Amphibia) -tailless -frogs, toads | |
| 136983671 | Order Apoda | (Amphibia) -legless -caecilians | |
| 136983672 | Class Reptilia | -amniotic egg (can be laid on land & dry places) -breathe only through lungs -keratinized skin -internal fertilization -oviparous, some viviparous -ectothermic -3 almost 4 chambered heart -(3 orders to remember) | |
| 136983673 | Order Chelonia | (Reptilia) -Turtles | |
| 136983674 | Order Squamata | (Reptilia) -lizards and snakes | |
| 136983675 | Order Crocodilia | (Reptilia) -crocodiles and alligators | |
| 136983676 | keratinized skin | prevents dehydration | |
| 136983677 | ectothermic | absorb external heat rather than generating their own (need less energy than mammals) | |
| 136983678 | Class Aves | -birds -closest relative to dinos -amniotic egg -hollow bones -one ovary, toothless -endothermic -4 chambered heart -internal fertilization -keeled sternum -feathers (light & strong, probably evolved from endothermy originally for insulation) | |
| 136983679 | amniotic egg | shelled egg that retains water and can be laid on land or dry places | |
| 136983680 | keeled sternum | anchors huge pectoral muscles necessary for flight | |
| 136983681 | endothermic | they control their body temperature internally through metabolism | |
| 136983682 | Class Mammalia | -hair -mammary glands (millk) -Endothermic (maintained by hair & fat) -4 chambered heart -internal fertilization -viviparous (besides monotremes) -differentiation of teeth -include eutherians, monotremes, and marsupials | |
| 136983683 | Eutherians | placental mammals -extraembyronic membranes and uterine wall combine to form placenta that nourishes embryo -longer pregnancy | |
| 136983684 | Monotremes | egg laying mammals -duck billed platypus and spiny anteater | |
| 136983685 | Marsupials | -young born early and small -must crawl to pouch where they nurse and complete development | |
| 136983686 | Order Primata | -early ones arboreal, insectivorous, nocturnal -gave rise to binocular vision -nails instead of claws, grasping hands -earliest were presimians (premonkeys) -probably gave rise to anthropoids (monkeys, humans, apes) -new & old world monkeys | |
| 136983687 | New World Monkeys | -arboreal -tails -South America | |
| 136983688 | Old World Monkeys | -some arboreal -some on ground -no tails -Africa, Asia -Apes | |
| 136983689 | Australopithecenes | some of oldest hominids (4 mill years ago) | |
| 136983690 | Lucy | best skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis, species remained unchanged for 1 million years until over taken | |
| 136983691 | Homo habilis (handy man) | -had larger brain -used tools -arose 2.5 millions years ago -say separate line from Australopithecenes | |
| 136983692 | Homo erectus | -java man & beijing man -found inside and outside of Africa -migration because of meet eating? -1.8 million years ago to 250,00 years ago -larger brains -include Neanderthal Man?? (130,000 - 35,000 years ago) -abstract thought (burial rituals) -speech? | |
| 136983693 | Homo sapiens (wise man) | -modern man -multiregional and monogenesis models | |
| 136983694 | Multiregional model | modern humans arose in parallel in several areas around the world | |
| 136983695 | Monogenesis model | modern humans arose in africa only from H. erectus and spread to other areas eventually replacing other hominids that had migrated earlier | |
| 136983696 | Evidence of models for modern man | -only Africa contains fossils of ALL proposed stages of hominid evolution -Neanderthal s and H. sapiens fossils coexisted and did not interbreed for 40,000 years in Israel -mtDNA traced all modern humans back to Africa 200,000 years ago |
