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| 10046307747 | homeostasis | ability to regulate the body's internal environment, regulates blood levels of viral substances, heart rate, blood pressure, N-waste removal, body temperature, rate and depth of breathing | 0 | |
| 10046307748 | endocrine (vs. nervous) | controls INVOLUNTARY actions, CHEMICAL SIGNALS (hormones), messages via BLOODSTREAM, messages SLOW, source to various destinations, response/effects LONG LASTING | 1 | |
| 10046307749 | nervous (vs endocrine) | controls VOLUNTARY and INVOLUNTARY actions, ELECTRICAL signals, messages via NEURONS, messages RAPID, carried between specific locations, response/effect TEMPORARY | 2 | |
| 10046307750 | negative feedback | decrease or shut off original stimulus/reduce intensity, return back to set point | 3 | |
| 10046307751 | negative feedback examples | glucose levels, body temperature | 4 | |
| 10046307752 | positive feedback | result in enhancing or exaggerating the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated | 5 | |
| 10046307753 | positive feedback examples | blood clotting, enhancement of labor, apples turning red | 6 | |
| 10046307754 | organs of the endocrine | hypothalamus, thyroid gland,pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, thymus, adrenal glands, ovaries | 7 | |
| 10046307755 | hypothalamus | connection between the nervous system and endocrine system | 8 | |
| 10046307756 | thyroid gland | lowers Ca++ levels | 9 | |
| 10046307757 | pancreas | diabetes, insulin and glucagon regulation | 10 | |
| 10046307758 | ovaries | mental vigor and sex drive | 11 | |
| 10046307759 | adrenal glands | fight or flight | 12 | |
| 10046307760 | thymus | T cells, immune system too | 13 | |
| 10046307761 | parathyroid | increase Ca++ levels | 14 | |
| 10046307762 | pituitary gland | master gland | 15 | |
| 10046307763 | metabolism | the conversion of nutrients into energy and building materials to meet body's needs | 16 | |
| 10046307764 | endocrine purpose | coordination of bodies activities such as digestion and metabolism | 17 | |
| 10046307765 | Glucose levels too high | 1) stimulus = rising blood glucose level, high blood glucose level detected by insulin-secreting cells of pancreas 2) insulin-secreting cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood (most body cells take up glucose) 3) Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen, blood glucose level declines to a set point, stimulus for insulin release diminishes and body return to homeostasis | 18 | |
| 10046307766 | ADH | water content high (low osmolarity) = less ADH produced = urine output high = water content low = more ADH produced = urine output low | 19 | |
| 10046307767 | direction of stimulus | dendrites -> axon terminals | 20 | |
| 10046307768 | purpose of nodes | signal can jump over the nodes and skip action potentials to increase the speed of the signal | 21 | |
| 10046307769 | parts of a neuron | nucleus, cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, shawnnś cell, nodes, axon terminals | 22 | |
| 10046307770 | how do neurons send messages | action potentials | 23 | |
| 10046307771 | pathway of a neuron | 1) sensory division 2) peripheral nervous system 3) central nervous system 4) peripheral nervous system 5) motor division | 24 | |
| 10046307772 | Sensory Division | somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers | 25 | |
| 10046307773 | Peripheral Nervous System | cranial nerves and spinal nerves | 26 | |
| 10046307774 | Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord | 27 | |
| 10046307775 | Motor division | motor nerve fibers | 28 | |
| 10046307776 | synaptic cleft and action potential | action potential at presynaptic terminal -> neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft as Ca+ ions push them out and diffuse into other cell -> binds to specific receptor on postsynaptic membrane -> stimulates Na+ ion channels to open and Na+ diffuses in -> causes depolarization, action potential generated | 29 | |
| 10046307777 | synaptic cleft | axon terminal meet dendrite, space between them | 30 | |
| 10046307778 | reflex arc | 1) Sensory (pain) 2) Afferent neuron 3) Association neuron/spinal cord 4) Efferent neuron 5)Motor (move) | 31 | |
| 10046307779 | voluntary reflexes | slow, conscious thought and control over skeletal muscles, cerebrum, free will | 32 | |
| 10046307780 | involuntary reflexes | rapid, no thought, no free will, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, controlled by cranial reflex and spinal reflex action | 33 | |
| 10046307781 | action potential | positive feedback, SIZE of it does not change (has to reach a threshold), self-propagating depolarization, Na-K pump |  | 34 |
| 10046307782 | type of channels in action potential | voltage gated channels | 35 | |
| 10046307783 | Step 2 of Action Potential | stimulus causes local depolarization of axon membrane, causes opening of Na+ gates which allows Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell down concentration gradient, causes inside of membrane to become more positive (-50 = threshold) | 36 | |
| 10046307784 | Step 1 of Action Potential | resting potential, external face of axon membrane slightly positive due to high concentrations of Na+ and inner face of membrane is slightly negative due to K+, polarized -70mv | 37 | |
| 10046307785 | Step 3 of Action Potential | (tip of graph) depolarization causes membrane polarity to reverse and action potential reached | 38 | |
| 10046307786 | Step 4 of Action Potential | Na+ gates close and K+ gates open releasing K+ from inner membrane causing it to repolarize, charge becomes more negative inside the cell and more positive outside, membrane potential decreasing | 39 | |
| 10046307787 | Step 5 of Action Potential | Hyperpolarization, polarity goes below -70mv | 40 | |
| 10046307788 | Step 6 of Action Potential | Na-K pump release 3 Na+ out of cell and 2 K+ in the cell, restores membrane back to resting potential of -70mv | 41 | |
| 10046307789 | immune system purpose | body defense (infections) | 42 | |
| 10046307790 | macrophage | big white blood cell | 43 | |
| 10046307791 | T cell | produced by thymus gland, kill infected cells, cell-mediated | 44 | |
| 10046307792 | B cell | made in bone marrow, producing antibodies, humoral-mediated, hold infected cell until destroyed | 45 | |
| 10046307793 | Innate | (all animals) first and second line of defense, nonspecific, barriers to pathogens external (1), nonspecific recognition internal response/inflammatory response (2) | 46 | |
| 10046307794 | Adaptive | Vertebrates ONLY, third line of defense (slower), recognition, specificity, diversity, humarol antibodies B (throughout cell), Cell mediated cytotoxic T (cell to cell combat) | 47 | |
| 10046307795 | 1st line of defense | (innate) keeps from getting into cells, barriers to pathogens (skin, hair, nails), nonspecific, external, mechanical, chemical, reflexes | 48 | |
| 10046307796 | 2nd line of defense | (innate) INTERNAL, nonspecific recognition, inflammatory response (fever, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, macrophage) | 49 | |
| 10046307797 | 3rd line of defense | (adaptive) recognition (specificity and diversity), humoral (antibody B) and cell mediated (cytotoxic T) | 50 | |
| 10046307798 | relationship between antigen-presenting cells and T cells | helper T cells bind to antigen-presenting cells and make a defense against antigens | 51 | |
| 10046307799 | cytotoxic T cells | match to viral antigens then kill infected cells | 52 | |
| 10046307800 | problem with timing of T cells | if the cells are too late the infected cells could have sent out more viruses that infect other cells | 53 | |
| 10046307801 | humoral mediated | antibody-mediated B, antibodies circulating in serum (highly specific) primary defense against extracellular pathogens: extracellular bacteria, circulating virus immobilize pathogen until phagocytes destroyed | 54 | |
| 10046307802 | cell mediated | cell-mediated T, direct cell-to-cell combat or secreted soluble products (cytokines) primary defense against intracellular pathogens: viruses and fungi, intracellular bacteria, tumor antigens, graft rejection cells already infected, T cells bind to and destroy infected cells/cancer cells | 55 | |
| 10046307803 | naturally aquired | long lasting, rapid 2nd response Active: infection, contact with pathogen Passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta, or to infant from milk EX. You get sick > make AB's, memory cells Chicken pox, measles | 56 | |
| 10046307804 | artificially acquired | Immediate short term protection Active: Vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens Passive: Injection of immune serum EX. - exposure to dangerous disease (viral hepatitis), Antitoxin (snakebite) | 57 | |
| 10046307807 | graph of exposure |  | 58 | |
| 10046307805 | Steps of Third Line of Defense | 1. virus infects body cells, displays viral antigens 2. Macrophages engulf virus and display viral antigen 3. Macrophages activate helper T cells 4. Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T and B cells 5. B cells form in plasma 6. Plasma cells make antibodies which bind to viral antigen 7. Antibodies attach to the virus and infected body cells, signals for their destruction 8. Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells | 59 | |
| 10046307806 | Glucose levels too low | 1) Stimulus = declining blood glucose level, low blood glucose level detected by glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas 2) Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood, target is the liver 3) liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood, blood glucose levels rise to set point, stimulus for glucagon release diminishes and body returns to homeostasis | 60 |
