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| 2033517494 | What is a signal transduction pathway? | A pathway that signals follow inside the cell that links a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 2041327561 | What is a benefit of a multi-step transduction pathway? | It creates a domino affect, thus allowing the response to increase every time | 1 | |
| 2033537122 | Where did signaling mechanisms first evolve? | In ancient prokaryotes and single-cell eukaryotes, then were adopted for new uses by multicellular descendent (us humans) | 2 | |
| 2033546025 | What evidence do we have that cell signaling evolved early in evolutionary history? | Similiarities between animal and yeast cells suggest that early versions of cell signaling mechanisms used in humans today evolved well before the first multicellular creatures appeared on Earth (A.K.A. - TODAY ALL HAVE CELL SIGNALING MECHANISMS) | 3 | |
| 2033878441 | What is an example of positive feedback? | Oxytocin is released during child birth to speed up contractions and keeps being released until the baby is born (exaggerates original stimulus) | 4 | |
| 2033887583 | What is an example of negative feedback? | When blood sugar levels are too low, glucagon is released by the pancreas to bring levels up to normal. When blood sugar levels are too high, insulin is released by the pancreas to bring levels down to normal. | 5 | |
| 2033567960 | What are the 3 stages of cell signaling? | 1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Response | 6 | |
| 2033570171 | What happens in Reception? | Chemical signal is "detected" when ligand binds to a receptor protien | 7 | |
| 2041309718 | What makes a receptor protein change shape? | The signaling molecule (ligand) that binds to it | 8 | |
| 2033583314 | What are the 3 types of receptors we talked about? | 1. G-protein coupled receptor 2. Receptor tyrosine kinase 3. Ion gated channel receptor | 9 | |
| 2033593363 | What initiates Transduction? | The BINDING of the ligand and receptor | 10 | |
| 2033601579 | What happens in Transduction? | Signal is converted to a form that can bring about a specific cell response | 11 | |
| 2033655522 | What happens in Response? | Transduced signal finally triggers a SPECIFIC cellular response | 12 | |
| 2033659780 | Why are cell response's specific? | Each cell uses different proteins in transduction | 13 | |
| 2033685467 | What does cell signaling lead to? | A cellular response | 14 | |
| 2033688287 | What is an intracellular receptor? | Receptors located INSIDE the cell | 15 | |
| 2033691490 | What types of molecules can bind to intracellular receptors? And why can they? | 1. Hydrophobic 2. Non-polar 3. Non-ionic 4. Small They can bind to the receptors because they can all pass through the phospholipid membrane of the cell to get inside to the receptor | 16 | |
| 2033711256 | Give specific examples of molecules that can bind to intracellular receptors. | Ex. Steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen | 17 | |
| 2033717544 | What kind of roles do G-protein receptors play in the body? | Roles in embryonic development, sensory reception, vision, and smell | 18 | |
| 2033733894 | Explain the steps of G-protein reception | 1. Ligand binds to the G-protein receptor, activating it and changing its shape 2. G-protein is attracted to activated receptor so it attaches 3. GTP replaces GDP .. now G-protein is activated 4. Activated G-protein leaves receptor and flows across membrane and binds to an enzyme, activating it and changing its shape 5. Activated enzyme can now trigger the next step in pathway leading to cellular response | 19 | |
| 2033781126 | What kinds of roles do tyrosine kinase receptors play in the body? | Help in cell growth and reproduction | 20 | |
| 2033787246 | Explain the steps of tyrosine kinase reception. | 1. Ligands bind to tyrosine kinase receptors 2. Binding of ligands causes receptors to come together (dimerization) 3. Dimerization activates tyrosine kinase REGIONS 4. ATP adds phosphate to each part of the region 5. Receptor is now FULLY activated and can start a chain reaction within cell transduction (triggers transduction pathway, leading to a cell response) | 21 | |
| 2041415428 | What is a key difference between tyrosine kinase receptors and G-protein receptors? | A single TK receptor can activate many transduction pathways, causing many cellular responses. Many pathways being triggered at once can help with many aspects of cell growth and reproduction. | 22 | |
| 2033860528 | What kinds of roles do ligand-gated ion channels play in the body? | They are used in the nervous system | 23 | |
| 2033868770 | Explain the steps of ligand-gated ion channel reception. | 1. Ligand binds to channel, causing the gate to open 2. Ions from extracellular fluid can now pass through 3. Once ligand detaches, gate is closed | 24 | |
| 2033940346 | What is protein kinase? | Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein (ex. tyrosine kinase reception) | 25 | |
| 2033947778 | What can abnormality of protein kinase cause? | Abnormal cell growth and development of cancer | 26 | |
| 2033950570 | What can phosphates do for protein kinase and what does this enable? | They can make them available for reuse, enabling the cell to be able to respond again to an extracellular signal | 27 | |
| 2033960229 | What makes the secondary messenger different from the first messenger? | Secondary messenger can carry out jobs WITHIN the cell that the first messenger can't do (because it's on the cell's surface, not inside) | 28 | |
| 2033967994 | What is cAMP and what does it do? | Cyclic AMP (Ex- Epinephrine) It carries a signal from the epinephrine in the plasma of a liver/muscle cell into the cell. | 29 | |
| 2033964779 | What is adenylyl cyclase? | An enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP in response to a signal. | 30 | |
| 2033983397 | How do many cAMP molecules form? | 1. Epinephrine binds to a receptor protein 2. Protein activates adenylyl cyclase 3. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes synthesis of many cAMP molecules | 31 | |
| 2034042407 | What causes amplification? | One ligand can create a lot of cAMP, causing there to be more of a response | 32 | |
| 2034045573 | What does epinephrine production lead to? | It leads to the releases of hundreds of millions of glucose molecules from glycogen | 33 | |
| 2034051680 | Where can a cellular response occur? | Nucleus or cytoplasm | 34 | |
| 2041348461 | What is the function of a transcription factor in a cell? | They control which genes are turned on in a particular cell at a particular time | 35 | |
| 2041341294 | When a cellular response happens in the nucleus, what normally happens? | Proteins become transcription factors, certain genes are chosen. The genes that are chosen are our DNA. | 36 | |
| 2041338629 | When a cellular response happens in the cytoplasm, what normally happens? | Regulation of activity of proteins | 37 | |
| 2034054824 | Are cell responses specific to the cell? If so, why? | YES. They are specific to the cell because cells have different collections of proteins. | 38 | |
| 2034063220 | What kind of responses does epinephrine produce in liver cells and heart cells? | Liver cells - glycogen is converted into glucose (sugar) Heart cells - heart beats faster | 39 | |
| 2034074225 | What can alternate a response in the cell? | The different proteins used in transduction | 40 | |
| 2034067878 | Why do different cells in the body react differently to epinephrine? | Because each cell is different and they all use different proteins during transduction | 41 | |
| 2034080164 | What is an example of Signal Transduction Failure and what can it lead to? | An example is CHOLERA (an infection of the small intestine) It interferes with the G-protein receptor, keeping it activated ALL THE TIME. Being activated all the time causes the receptor to become dehydrated, causing water to go into the small intestine (diarrhea) | 42 | |
| 2034193855 | What is apoptosis? | "Cell suicide" or PCD (programmed cell death) | 43 | |
| 2034199808 | What does apoptosis promote? What is an example of this? | It promotes normal growth. Example: As embryos, humans had "webs" as fingers. Apoptosis eliminates cells in the inter-digital regions, thus forming digits (separated individual fingers) | 44 | |
| 2041380800 | Give an example of signal coming from outside of the cell and one coming from inside of the cell for apoptosis. | Signal from outside of cell - Neighboring cells tell the infected cell to go to apoptosis pathway (tell them to kill themselves) Signal from inside the cell - DNA can initiate apoptosis. If proteins suddenly become changed inside the cell, the Rough ER tells the cell to go through apoptosis. | 45 | |
| 2034211982 | What does the Endocrine System regulate? | Reproduction development Energy metabolism Growth Behavior | 46 | |
| 2034216460 | Where is ADH secreted and what is its target? | Secreted from posterior pituitary gland Target is the kidney | 47 | |
| 2040220899 | What does ADH do? | Retains water in the kidneys | 48 | |
| 2040254184 | Where are insulin and glucagon secreted and what is their target? | Secreted from the pancreas Target is the liver cells | 49 | |
| 2041528467 | Insulin binds to a ______ receptor on surface of liver cell Glucagon binds to a ______ receptor on surface of liver cell | Tyrosine Kinase G-Protein | 50 | |
| 2040311702 | What are sensory neurons? | Nerve cell that receives information from the internal or external environment and transmits signals to the brain | 51 | |
| 2040321791 | What is sensory integration? | how people use the information provided by all the sensations coming from within the body and from the external environment | 52 | |
| 2040438648 | What are motor neurons? | Nerve cells that transmit signals from the brain/spinal cord (CNS) to muscles or glands | 53 | |
| 2040444213 | What is an example of how sensory neurons, sensory integration, and motor neurons work together? | Example- seeing a spider Sensory neurons receive a signal and tells your brain there is a spider. Your brain integrates this information and tells the motor neurons that you do not like spiders. The motor neurons then carry out the response of stepping on the spider to kill it. | 54 | |
| 2040559409 | What role do neurotransmitters play? | Regulate nerve contact and action potential. Open sodium channels for action potential. Transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another 'target' neuron | 55 | |
| 2040732497 | What happens when a neurotransmitter is blocked? | No opening of sodium channels. No action potential. Shuts down the nervous system. * Amount of blockage depends on outcome of cell response (less or none) * | 56 | |
| 2040763547 | What is another term for innate immunity? | Non-specific defense | 57 | |
| 2040765159 | What does innate immunity mean? | It's a defense that we are born with | 58 | |
| 2040827223 | Explain an example of innate immunity. | All humans are born with nasal hairs. Nasal hairs protect us by trapping the dirt and bacteria that tries to enter our body through our nose. | 59 | |
| 2040840178 | What is an antigen? | A foreign pathogen that is unwanted in the body | 60 | |
| 2040879216 | What is an antibody and what is its job? | A protein. Its job is to mark antigens for destruction | 61 | |
| 2040970564 | What is the job of a B-cell? | To release antibody that kill antigens | 62 | |
| 2040976291 | What is the job of a Cytotoxic T-cell? | To cell infected cells | 63 | |
| 2040979324 | What response are B-cells associated with? (Humoral or Cell Mediated) | Humoral | 64 | |
| 2040981159 | What response are T-cells associated with? (Humoral or Cell Mediated) | Cell Mediated | 65 | |
| 2040998642 | What is the job of a Macrophage? | To engulf the forgein pathogen (antigen) in the body and breaking it down and killing it using a digestive enzyme (lysosome) | 66 | |
| 2041111534 | Explain the difference between first and second exposure to antigens. | Example - strep throat The first exposure you have to strep throat antigens, the longer your body is going to take to kill these antigens because they have never "seen" them before. This is going to cause you to experience all of bad symptoms to strep throat. The second exposure you have to these antigens, your body will recognize them because they have already "seen" them in the first exposure, causing them to be killed quicker and causing you to experience less and more calm symptoms. | 67 | |
| 2041176765 | Where there's ADH, there's ______ | Aquaporins | 68 | |
| 2041172233 | What are aquaporins? | Membrane protein which allows water to pass through the membrane | 69 | |
| 2041230049 | What would happen if you had no aquaporins in your body? | No water would be retained in the kidneys, so you would become dehydrated because you're releasing all of your water out by peeing | 70 | |
| 2041179594 | If ADH secretion is stopped, what happens to the amount of aquaporins? | The amount decreases because aquaporins | 71 | |
| 2041297267 | If you are dehydrated what are the aquaporins going to do? | Capture water and store it instead of letting water pass out by peeing | 72 |
