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| An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal | ||
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons | ||
| A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | ||
| A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein-linked receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. When such a receptor is activated, it in turn activates the G protein, causing it to bind a molecule of GTP in place of GDP. Hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP inactivates the G protein | ||
| In multicellular organisms, one of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning | ||
| A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration | ||
| A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule | ||
| A protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions | ||
| A chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity | ||
| An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein | ||
| An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase | ||
| In cellular communication, the target cell's detection (by binding to a receptor protein) of a signal molecule from outside the cell | ||
| A receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. The phosphorylated tyrosines activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell | ||
| In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell | ||
| A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction | ||
| A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein | ||
| A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response | ||
| 1) A DNA transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. (2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response | ||
| An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein |
