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| 1158754357 | genetic engineering | the process of manipulating genes and genomes | 0 | |
| 1158754358 | biotechnology | the process of manipulating organisms or their components for the purpose of making useful products | 1 | |
| 1158754359 | restriction enzymes | used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (called restriction sites/sequences); they are derived from bacteria | 2 | |
| 1158754360 | when a DNA molecule is cut by restriction enzymes, the result will always be a set of | restriction fragments which will have at least one single-stranded end, called a sticky-end | 3 | |
| 1158754361 | sticky-ends can form | hydrogen bonds with complementary single-stranded pieces of DNA; these unions can be sealed with the enzyme DNA Ligase | 4 | |
| 1158754362 | recombinant DNA | DNA that is artificially made, using DNA from different sources--and often different species; for example: the introductions of a human gene into an E. Coli bacterium | 5 | |
| 1158754363 | gene cloning | the process where scientists can produce multiple copies of specific segments of DNA; they can then work within the lab | 6 | |
| 1158754364 | plasmids | extra small, circular, double-stranded pieces of DNA found in viral, yeast, or bacterial cells used extensively in biotechnology and recombinant DNA | 7 | |
| 1158754365 | the plasmids serve as a | "vehicle" for transporting genes from one organism to another (transformation) so multiple copies can be made (gene cloning) | 8 | |
| 1158754366 | gene cloning yields | multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segments | 9 | |
| 1158754367 | the cloning of DNA occurs in how many steps | 5 | 10 | |
| 1158754368 | step 1 | identify and isolate the gene of interest and a cloning vector; the vector of the plasmid (usually bacterial) that will carry the DNA sequence to be cloned | 11 | |
| 1158754369 | step 2 | cut both the gene of interest and the vector with the same restriction enzyme; this gives the plasmid and the human gene matching sticky-ends | 12 | |
| 1158754370 | step 3 | join the 2 pieces of DNA from recombinant plasmids by mixing the plasmids with the DNA fragments; the human DNA fragments can be sealed into the plasmid using DNA ligase | 13 | |
| 1158754371 | step 4 | get the plasmid vector carrying the gene of interest into the host cell; the plasmids are taken up by bacterium by transformation | 14 | |
| 1158754372 | step 5 | select for cells that have been transformed; the bacterial cels carrying the clones must be identified or selected; this can be done by linking the gene to an antibiotic resistance gene or a reporter gene such as GFP (green flourescent protein) | 15 | |
| 1158754373 | In the transformation lab, we will use | ampicillin-resistant plasmid; any bacterial cells that did not pick up the plasmid by transformation will be killed when grown on agar with the antibiotic ampicillin | 16 | |
| 1158754374 | what are 3 example applications | insulin production, human growth hormone production, and the production of other proteins that make crops resistant to pests | 17 | |
| 1163508300 | gene can't be above a certain size or a plasmid | won't work | 18 | |
| 1163508301 | mRNA must not need splicing to remove introns because | we are placing it directly into a cell to be expressed (bacteria can't remove introns | 19 | |
| 1163508302 | but if we still want a bacterial cell to make a human protein that does not need mRNA processing, we can make a | cDNA copy of the gene and insert that instead | 20 | |
| 1163508303 | cDNA is created using | reverse transcriptase to turn a processed mRNA (coding for a certain protein) back into a DNA to insert into the bacterial plasmid | 21 | |
| 1163508304 | another biotechnology tool we use is | PCR | 22 | |
| 1163508305 | PCR (polymerase chain reaction) | a method used to greatly amplify a particular piece of DNA without the use of cell | 23 | |
| 1163508306 | PCR is used to amplify DNA when the source is | impure or scanty (as it would be at a crime scene--a little amount of DNA) | 24 | |
| 1163508307 | what are the steps for PCR | heat up, add primer, add Taq polymerase and let it cool to continue the cycle to make more copies | 25 | |
| 1163508308 | Taq polymerase is good at withstanding | high temperatures | 26 | |
| 1163508309 | DNA technology allows us to study the | sequence, expression, and function of a gene | 27 | |
| 1163508310 | Gel electrophoresis | a lab technique that is used to separate macromolecules (anything with a negative charge), primarily DNA and proteins, on the basis of their size and charge with the use of an electrical current | 28 | |
| 1163618296 | in separating DNA, (that has been cut into fragments with restriction enzymes), the negative charges on phosphates in the molecule cause DNA to | move more toward the positive pole | 29 | |
| 1163618297 | the gel allows smaller molecules to move | more easily than larger fragments of DNA. The DNA fragments are separated by size | 30 | |
| 1163618298 | you have to use the _______restriction enzyme on each | small; person | 31 | |
| 1163618299 | the smaller the fragment, the | faster it moves down | 32 | |
| 1163618300 | the dye is used to | visualize the fragments of DNA | 33 | |
| 1163618301 | what are 3 forensic applications | links suspect bodily to the crime scene, but doesn't prove they committed the crime, results take much longer than TV shows, and analysis of old evidence is reversing some sentences | 34 | |
| 1163618302 | cloning organisms may lead to production of | stem cells fro reseach and other applications | 35 | |
| 1163618303 | in animal cloning, the nucleus of an egg is | removed and replaced with the diploid nucleus of a body cell, a process termed nuclear transplantation | 36 | |
| 1163618304 | the ability of a body cell to successfully form a clone | decreases with embryotic development and cell differentiation | 37 | |
| 1163618305 | the major goal of most animal cloning is | reproduction, but not for humans | 38 | |
| 1163618306 | in humans, the major goal is the production of | stem cells | 39 | |
| 1163618307 | a stem cell can both | reproduce itself indefinitely and, under the proper conditions, produce other specialized cells; stem cells have enormous potential for medical applications | 40 | |
| 1163618308 | the practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in | 6 ways | 41 | |
| 1163618309 | 1.Diagnosis of disease: if the sequence of a particular virus' DNA or RNA is known, PCR can be used to | amplify patient's blood samples to detect even small traces of the virus | 42 | |
| 1163618310 | different alleles have different DNA | sequences | 43 | |
| 1163618311 | these different sequences can be found using | restiction enzymes that yield different lengths of DNA fragments or restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) | 44 | |
| 1163618312 | The difference in banding patterns after electrophoresis allows for diagnosis of the | disease, or even a carrier of the disease | 45 | |
| 1163618313 | 2. Gene therapy: the alteration of an afflicted individual's | genes; gene therapy holds a great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single, defective gene, such as cystic fibrosis | 46 | |
| 1163618314 | 3. the production of pharmaceuticals: | gene splicing and cloning can be used to produce large amounts of particular proteins in the lab | 47 | |
| 1166770366 | 4. forensic applications | DNA samples taken from the blood, skin cells, or hair of alleged criminal suspects can be amplified with PCR and compared to DNA collected from the crime scene. DNA fingerprints (electrophorotic bands that are unique to each individual) can be compared and used to identify people at the crime scene | 48 | |
| 1166770367 | 5. environmental cleanup | scientists engineer metabolic capabilities into microorganisms, which are then used to treat environmental problems such as removing heavy metals from toxic mining sites, or engineering bacteria to digest oil | 49 | |
| 1166770368 | 6. Agricultural applications | certain genes that produce desirable traits have been inserted into crop plants to increase their productivity and efficiency, we have genetically engineered rice to contain vitamin A, saving about 60,000 children in Asia per year from death due to this deficiency | 50 | |
| 1166770369 | An organism that has acquired by artificial means one or more genes from another species or variety is termed a | genetically modified organism (GMO) | 51 |
