Flashcards for Ch. 27 (8th Edition)
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| 90123413 | Peptidoglycan | A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; encloses entire bacterium and anchors other molecules that extend from its surface | 0 | |
| 90123414 | Gram Stain | A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell wall | 1 | |
| 90123415 | Gram-Negative | Have a cell wall that is more structurally complex and contains LESS peptidoglycan; often more toxic | 2 | |
| 90123416 | Gram-Positive | Have a cell wall that is less structurally complex and contains MORE peptidoglycan; often less toxic | 3 | |
| 90123417 | Capsule | A sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces | 4 | |
| 90123418 | Fimbria (Fimbriae) | A short, hairlike apendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as attachment pilus | 5 | |
| 90123419 | Sex Pilus (Sex Pili) | A structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also known as conjugation pilus | 6 | |
| 90123420 | Taxis | An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus | 7 | |
| 90123421 | Nucleoid | Building block of nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group | 8 | |
| 90123422 | Plasmids | A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessort genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; found in some eukaryotes (yeast) | 9 | |
| 90123423 | Endospore | A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions | 10 | |
| 90123424 | Transformation | A change in genotype/phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell | 11 | |
| 90123425 | Transduction | A type of horizontal gene transfer in which bacteriophages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another | 12 | |
| 90123426 | Conjugation | In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells (of the same or different species) that are temporarily joined | 13 | |
| 90123427 | F Factor | The DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient | 14 | |
| 90123428 | F Plasmid | The plasmid form of the F factor | 15 | |
| 90123429 | R Plasmid | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics | 16 | |
| 90123430 | Photoautotroph | An organism that harnesses LIGHT energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide | 17 | |
| 90123431 | Chemoautotroph | An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances | 18 | |
| 90123432 | Photoheterotroph | An organism that uses light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form | 19 | |
| 90123433 | Chemoheterotroph | An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon | 20 | |
| 90123434 | Obligate Aerobes | An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live w/o it | 21 | |
| 90123435 | Obligate Anaerobes | An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; cannot use oxygen | 22 | |
| 90123436 | Anaerobic Respiration | the use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains | 23 | |
| 90123437 | Facultative Anaerobes | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present | 24 | |
| 90123438 | Extremophile | An organism that lives in an environment whose conditions are so extreme that few other species can survive there | 25 | |
| 90123439 | Extreme Halophiles | An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea | 26 | |
| 90123440 | Extreme Thermophiles | An organism that thrives in hot environments (60-80 Celsius or hotter) | 27 | |
| 90123441 | Methanogens | An organism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product | 28 | |
| 90123442 | Decomposer | An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore | 29 | |
| 90123443 | Symbiosis | An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact | 30 | |
| 90123444 | Host | The larger participant in the symbiotic relationship, serving as home and food source for the smaller symbiont | 31 | |
| 90123445 | Symbiont | The smaller participant in the symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host | 32 | |
| 90123446 | Mutualism | A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit | 33 | |
| 90123447 | Commensalism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed | 34 | |
| 90123448 | Parasitism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host | 35 | |
| 90123449 | Parasite | An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism; they usually harm, but do not kill, the host | 36 | |
| 90123450 | Pathogen | An organism/virus that causes disease | 37 | |
| 90123451 | Exotoxin | A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present | 38 | |
| 90123452 | Endotoxin | A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die | 39 | |
| 90123453 | Bioremediation | The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems | 40 |
