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| 304761109 | Where hemolymph (bloodlike substance) bathes organs by being pumped through a series of sinuses surrounding the organs. | What is an open circulatory system? | |
| 304761110 | Blood is confined to vessels. It is pumped throughout the body where oxygen and other nutrients diffuse in and out to cells. | What is a closed circulatory system? | |
| 304761111 | They require lower blood pressure and do not need an extensive network of blood vessels. This causes them to require less energy than closed circulatory systems. | What are the advantages of an open circulatory system? | |
| 304761112 | They are better suited to meet the needs of organisms with high metabolic rates. | What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system? | |
| 304761113 | They receive blood returning back to the heart and deliver it to the ventricles. | What is the function of the atria in the heart? | |
| 304761114 | They pump blood throughout the body. | What is the function of the ventricles in the heart? | |
| 304761115 | Arteries deliver oxygen rich blood to the body. Veins return oxygen poor blood to the heart. | Contrast the function of veins and arteries. | |
| 304761116 | They are very small, thin-walled blood vessels that allow for the diffusion of gases and materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid surrounding cells. | What is the function of capillaries? | |
| 304761117 | It does not return blood from capillaries to the heart, it transports blood from the capillaries of the small intestine to the liver. | How is the function of the hepatic portal vein different than most veins? | |
| 304761118 | It consists of a two-chambered heart that pumps blood through a single circuit of two capillary beds: one at the gills and one reaching the body tissues. | Describe, generally the circulatory system of fishes | |
| 304761119 | Since blood must be pumped through two capillary beds, the amount of blood pressure is highly constrained at the arteries. | Describe why the structural makeup of the fish circulatory system limits the rate at which blood can be transported through the body. | |
| 304761120 | They have a three chambered heart that pumps blood along two separate circuits; one to the lungs or gills and other to the extremities. | Describe the circulatory system in amphibians. | |
| 304761121 | Their ventricles are partially or fully divided by a septum which reduces mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood. | How is the circulatory system of reptiles different than amphibians? | |
| 304761122 | They have four chambered hearts that completely segregate oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. | How is the heart of mammals and birds different than the other groups of vertebrates? | |
| 304761123 | Blood pressure is maintained because blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the capillary bed of lungs or gills. | Why is double circulation an adaptation for delivering blood more efficiently than single circuit? | |
| 304761124 | 1. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated. 2. Oxygenated blood is pumped into the left atrium. 3. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrum to the left ventricle. 4. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to capillary beds in the extremities where oxygen is delivered. 5. Oxygen poor blood is delivered from the capillary beds of the extremities to the right atrium via the vena cava. | Describe a complete cardiac cycle of the human heart. | |
| 304761125 | Left ventricle, it must pump blood throughout the entire body. | What chamber of the heart has the thickest layer of muscle? Why? | |
| 304761126 | Systole is the contraction phase of a heart chamber, diastole is the relaxation phase. | What is the difference between systole and diastole? | |
| 304761127 | The volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps. | What is cardiac output? | |
| 304761128 | The number of beats per minute. | What is heart rate? | |
| 304761129 | They divide the atria and ventricles. | Where are the atrioventricular valves located? | |
| 304761130 | Where the aorta and pulmonary arteries leave the ventricles. | Where are the semilunar valves located? | |
| 304761131 | A defect in one of the heart valves that allows some blood to leak backwards through the valve. | What causes a heart murmer? | |
| 304761132 | 1. Connective tissue with elastic fibers. 2. Smooth muscle and more elastic fibers. 3. Endothelium for blood flow. | What are the three tissue layers that compose arteries and veins? | |
| 304761133 | It allows for the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid. | What is the functional reason for capillaries lacking smooth muscle and connective tissue? | |
| 304761134 | The volume of a liquid flows at a constant rate; if the diameter of a pipe decreases, the rate of flow must increase to compensate. | What is the law of continuity? | |
| 304761135 | Even though the diameter of one capillary is much less than one artery, the collective area to all of the capillaries is greater than that of the artery supplying them. | Why is it that the rate of blood flow actually slows as it travels from arteries to arterioles to capillaries? | |
| 304761136 | Veins have thinner walls than arteries and they have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. | How is the structure of arteries different than the structure of veins? | |
| 304761137 | The pressure that blood exerts on blood vessels when the ventricles contract. | What is systolic blood pressure? | |
| 304761138 | The pressure that blood exerts on blood vessels when the ventricles are at rest. | What is diastolic blood pressure? | |
| 304761139 | Around 5-10% | Around what percent of the body's capillaries have blood flowing through them at any given time? | |
| 304761140 | Blood is diverted from the digestive tract to supply the skeletal muscles and skin | Why does exercising after eating tend to cause indigestion? | |
| 304761141 | 1. The contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles. 2. The contraction or relaxation of precapillary sphincters | What are two mechanisms that regulate blood flow to capillary beds? | |
| 304761142 | Bulk flow due to the higher fluid pressure in the capillaries than interstitial fluid. | What is the main mechanism that causes materials to be transported from capillaries to the interstitial fluid? | |
| 304761143 | For the same reason that it exits, the reduction of blood pressure at the venule causes a negative fluid pressure that allows fluid from the interstital fluid to flow back into the capillaries. | Why does around 85% of the fluid that leaves the capillaries at the arterial end of the capillary bed reenter at the venule end? | |
| 304761144 | It is returned through the vessels of the lymphatic system. | How is the remaining 15% of fluid from blood eventually returned? | |
| 304761145 | Organs of connective tissue that contain white blood cells that filter the lymph and attack viruses and bacteria that it may contain. | What are lymph nodes? | |
| 304761146 | Plasma. | The liquid matrix of blood is called: | |
| 304761147 | Water, ons, and plasma proteins. | What are the three major substances that make up plasma? | |
| 304761148 | Maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting, and defense. | What are the functions of plasma proteins in blood? | |
| 304761149 | They maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability. | What functions do ions serve in blood? | |
| 304761150 | Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells. | What are the three types of cellular elements in blood? | |
| 304761151 | To carry oxygen. | What is the function of red blood cells? | |
| 304761152 | It allows oxygen to diffuse more rapidly. | Why does the large surface area of red blood cells help them to function? | |
| 304761153 | The iron-containing protein that transports oxygen. | What is hemoglobin? | |
| 304761154 | It gives them more room to carry hemoglobin. | Why is it beneficial for mammalian red blood cells to lack nuclei? | |
| 304761155 | 1 billion. | Around how many molecules of O2 can a red blood cell carry? | |
| 304761156 | nitrous oxide. | What other gas can red blood cells carry? | |
| 304761157 | It causes capillaries to expand. | What effect does NO have on the body? | |
| 304761158 | Immune defense. | What is the function of white blood cells? | |
| 304761159 | They are used in blood clotting along with fibrinogen. | What function do platelets serve? | |
| 304761160 | It is a hormone that is produced by the kidneys. It stimulates the production of erythrocytes. | What is EPO, where is it produced? What does it do? | |
| 304761161 | In the bone marrow. | Where are all blood cells produced? | |
| 304761162 | At the site of a wound, platelets release a chemical that cause them to stick together. This causes a plug to form. The plug is then reinforced with fibrin. | Describe the process of blood clotting? | |
| 304761163 | LDL | What type of cholesterol is associated with the growth or arterial plaques? | |
| 304761164 | HDL | What type of cholesterol reduces the deposition of cholesterol in arteries? | |
| 304761165 | Atherosclerosis. | Hardening of the arteries is called: | |
| 305762289 | It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance through which the molecules must move. | What is the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the thickness of a respiratory surface? | |
| 305762290 | O2, CO2 | A respiratory surface must supply ____ and expel _____ for the entire body. | |
| 305762291 | Ventilation ensures that a constant stream of water is passing over the capillaries. Countercurrent exchange causes blood to move in the opposite direction of the water so that more oxygen can be loaded int the capilaries. | How are ventilation and countercurrent exchange adaptations for organisms that live in aquatic environments? | |
| 305762292 | They use rhythmic body movements that compress and expand their air tubes. | How do larger insects ventilate their tracheal systems? | |
| 305762293 | Airsacs that are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place in the lungs. | What are alveoli? | |
| 305762294 | The volume of air that a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath. | What is tidal volume? | |
| 305762295 | Bird have several air sacs that allow a constant flow of air through their lungs. | How are birds adapted for the aerobic demands of flying? | |
| 305962735 | Proteins that bind O2. | What are respiratory pigments? | |
| 305962736 | Hemocyanin is used in arthropods and molluscs. It uses copper instead of iron. This causes blood to appear bluish | What other repspiratory pigment is used instead of hemoglobin? What types of organisms is it found in? | |
| 305962737 | 4 | How many molecules of O2 can one hemoglobin molecule carry? | |
| 305962738 | A small change in partial pressure will cause a hemoglobin molecule to load or unload a substantial amount of O2 | What role does partial pressure play in oxygen transport? | |
| 305962739 | The effect of lowering pH causing more oxygen to be released from red blood cells. | What is bohr shift? | |
| 305962740 | 1. Over 90% of CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into red blood cells. 2. Once inside the cells, around 23% binds to hemoglobin and the rest reacts with water in the blood cells to ultimately become bicarbonate. 3. The bicarbonate ions exit the red blood cells and travel in the blood plasma to the lungs. 4. Once at the lungs, bicarbonate diffuses back into red blood cells where it is converted back into CO2 and water. 5. The CO2 then diffuses through the interstitial space to the alveoli where it can be inhaled. | Explain how red blood cells play a major role in removing CO2 from the body. | |
| 305962741 | It binds around 23 percent of the CO2 and also picks up H+ ions when the rest is converted to bicarbonate. | What role does hemoglobin play when CO2 is being removed from body tissues? | |
| 305962742 | Because otherwise, the pH of the blood would lower, causing Bohr shift and leading to the release of excess oxygen. | Why is it important that hemoglobin binds the H+ ions during CO2 transport? | |
| 305962743 | It releases the bound H+ which recombines with bicarbonate to form CO2 and water, and releases bound CO2 when the excess is delivered to the lungs. | What does hemoglobin do when CO2 is delivered to the lungs? | |
| 305962744 | The amount of atmospheric pressure exerted by a specific gas. | What is partial pressure? | |
| 305962745 | Partial pressure is a form of passive transport; wherever gas will flow from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. When you inhale, the air has a higher concentration of oxygen than your red blood cells but a lower concentration of CO2. This causes oxygen to diffuse in and CO2 to diffuse out. | What role does partial pressure play in exchanging CO2 and O2 |
