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| change in free energy | ||
| the entry compound for the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration, formed from the fragment of a pyruvate attached to a coenzyme | ||
| amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start | ||
| protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene | ||
| specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds | ||
| containing oxygen | ||
| binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site | ||
| main energy source that cells use for most of their work | ||
| the fixation or addition of CO2 to a substrate | ||
| an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work | ||
| substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics | ||
| the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | ||
| proteins produced by living cells, acting as catalysts in biochemical reactions | ||
| sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP | ||
| a non-spontaneous chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from its surroundings | ||
| electron acceptor in the krebs cycle | ||
| catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain. Purpose: to recycle NAD when there's no oxygen for the ETC to run | ||
| the carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin Cycle | ||
| the splitting of glucose into pyruvate | ||
| chemical process in which water splits molecules | ||
| an enzyme that phosphorylates something | ||
| chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to CO2 | ||
| the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter | ||
| energy cannot be created or destroyed | ||
| every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe | ||
| consist of an inner and outer membrane, with fluid-filled intermembrane space | ||
| coenzyme that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism | ||
| pH, like temperature, also has optimal values, usually between 6 and 8, for enzymes | ||
| a molecule that is a recipient of the phosphate group | ||
| a physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change | ||
| a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; aka oxidation-reduction reaction | ||
| fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose | ||
| the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism | ||
| each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which its reaction rate is the greatest. This temperature allows the greatest number of molecular collisions and the fastest conversion of the reactants to product molecules | ||
| the last molecule that receives or accepts electrons from another molecule during a redox reaction | ||
| a spontaneous chemical reaction where there is a net release of free energy | ||
| all of the chemical reactions in an organism | ||
| ability to cause change, do work | ||
| "stored" energy | ||
| energy of motion | ||
| kinetic energy accociated with the random movement of atoms or molecules | ||
| the portion of an organism's system available to do work when temperature and pressure are constant throughout the system | ||
| all of the chemical reactions in the body that build things | ||
| all of the chemical reactions in the body that take apart things | ||
| change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate | ||
| a substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction | ||
| when a substance gains electrons | ||
| when a substance loses electrons | ||
| the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration. | ||
| the conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and ethyl alcohol | ||
| the conversion of a pyruvate to lactate with no release of CO2 | ||
| organism that has to do aerobic repiration | ||
| organism that cannot have oxygen | ||
| organism that prefers aerobic respiration | ||
| loss of energy to heat, released energy to do work | ||
| the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction (in cellular metabolism) | ||
| something that affects the rate of a chemical reaction | ||
| non-protein enzyme helpers | ||
| a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation | ||
| lacking oxygen | ||
| organic enzyme helpers | ||
| a chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together | ||
| Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis. |
