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| 15064020550 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. | 0 | |
| 15064020551 | catabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. ex. cellular respiration where glucose molecules are broken down | 1 | |
| 15064020552 | anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. ex. synthesis of amino acids from simpler molecules and then from the amino acids, the synthesis of proteins. | 2 | |
| 15064020553 | bioenergetics | The study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems. | 3 | |
| 15064020554 | energy | The ability to cause change. the ability to rearrange a collection of matter. | 4 | |
| 15064020555 | kinetic energy | The energy an object has due to its motion. | 5 | |
| 15064020556 | thermal energy | Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. transfer of thermal energy from one object to another is heat. | 6 | |
| 15064020557 | potential energy | The energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition. ex. diver at diving board has much higher potential energy compared to once in water. | 7 | |
| 15064020558 | chemical energy | A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. ready for use in chemical reactions. complex molecules are high in this | 8 | |
| 15064020559 | thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. | 9 | |
| 15064020560 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ( also known as principle of conservation of energy) | 10 | |
| 15064020561 | entropy | measure of disorder or randomness in a system. the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work | 11 | |
| 15064020562 | second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (measure of disorder or randomness) of the universe. | 12 | |
| 15064020563 | spontaneous process | energetically favorable, A process that can occur without an input of energy. note: not necessarily fast, but it can occur without need of energy. decreases a system's free energy bc either system gives up enthalpy or system gives up order and entropy change increases | 13 | |
| 15064020564 | free energy | Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. (ΔG is change in f_________) ΔG=ΔH-TΔS change in ________=enthalpy change(total energy)-temperature in Kelvin (add 273) * change in entropy OR ΔG= Gfinalstate-Ginitialstate | 14 | |
| 15064020565 | exergonic reaction | Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. Negative ΔG, catabolic | 15 | |
| 15064020566 | endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. Positive ΔG, anabolic | 16 | |
| 15064020567 | energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. | 17 | |
| 15064020568 | ATP | A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. When broken down, products are ADP and an inorganic phosphate. Bonds are broken by hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule). hydrolysis releases free energy. | 18 | |
| 15064020569 | phosphorylated intermediate | A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule. ex. fig 8.10 when glutamic acid react w atp an the phosphate group combine to the glutamic acid before the phosphate group become inorganic. | 19 | |
| 15064020570 | enzyme | A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction. | 20 | |
| 15064020571 | catalyst | A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected | 21 | |
| 15064020572 | activation energy | The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. | 22 | |
| 15064020573 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | 23 | |
| 15064020574 | enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). | 24 | |
| 15064020575 | active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | 25 | |
| 15064020576 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. | 26 | |
| 15064020577 | cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. | 27 | |
| 15064020578 | coenzyme | If the cofactor is an organic molecule. | 28 | |
| 15064020579 | competitive inhibitor | An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made. | 29 | |
| 15064020580 | noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. | 30 | |
| 15064020581 | allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. | 31 | |
| 15064020582 | cooperativity | A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules. | 32 | |
| 15064020583 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | 33 | |
| 15064020584 | exergonic reaction |  | 34 | |
| 15064020585 | endergonic reaction |  | 35 | |
| 15064020586 | ATP |  | 36 | |
| 15064020587 | normal binding |  | 37 | |
| 15064020588 | competitive inhibition |  | 38 | |
| 15064020589 | noncompetative inhibition |  | 39 | |
| 15064020590 | feedback inhibition |  | 40 | |
| 15064020591 | allosteric regulation |  | 41 | |
| 15064020592 | cooperativity |  | 42 | |
| 15064064830 | metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. NEVER at equilibrium or the cell would die, bc the product wouldn't be able to become the reactant in the next step | 43 | |
| 15064086359 | S A I TB MD TP C C C | substrate active site induced fit template: active site provides template for substrates to come together in proper order for reaction to occur bend and stretch: active site stretch the substrate and stress and bend the chemical bonds that need to be broken in reaction, this reduces amount of free energy needed to reach the needed state microenvironment: active site provides more conducive environment for particular reaction compared to w out enzyme direct participation: sometimes can involve brief covalent bonding temperature pH cofactors coenzymes competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors | 44 | |
| 15064554601 | equilibrium and free energy | As a reaction proceeds towards equilibrium, the free energy decreases. Free energy increases when the reaction is pushed away from equilibrium. In a state of equilibrium, the free energy is at its lowest level. | 45 | |
| 15064683725 | 3 kinds of work a cell does | chemical: pushing of endergonic reactions, transport: pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous reactions, mechanical: beating of cilia or contraction of muscle cells or movement of chromosomes during cellular respiration | 46 | |
| 15064974337 | ATP cycle | h ATP are broken down to ADP with the release of energy, and the regeneration of ATP from ADP through the process of phosphorylation. | 47 | |
| 15064978937 | Phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule | 48 |
