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| 39803551 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions is called | 0 | |
| 39803552 | metabolism | is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell. | 1 | |
| 39803553 | catabolic pathways | release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. | 2 | |
| 39803554 | cellular respiration | A major pathway of catabolism is _________, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. | 3 | |
| 39803555 | anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds. They are also called biosynthetic pathways. | 4 | |
| 39803556 | bioenergetics | is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources | 5 | |
| 39803557 | heat or thermal energy | is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. | 6 | |
| 39803558 | chemical energy | is a form of potential energy stored in molecules because of the arrangement of their atoms. | 7 | |
| 39805152 | thermodynamics | Another way to state the second law of thermodynamics is for a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe. | 8 | |
| 39805153 | system | refers to the matter under study and the surroundings include everything outside the system | 9 | |
| 39806284 | closed system | approximated by liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings. | 10 | |
| 39806285 | open system | energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. | 11 | |
| 39806286 | first law of thermodynamics | states that energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 12 | |
| 39806287 | entropy | is a quantity used as a measure of disorder or randomness | 13 | |
| 39806288 | second law of thermodynamics | states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 14 | |
| 39806289 | spontaneous | describes a process that can occur without an input of energy. | 15 | |
| 39806290 | free energy change | The ______________of a reaction tells us whether it is spontaneous. | 16 | |
| 39806291 | free energy | is the portion of a system's energy that is able to perform work when temperature and pressure is uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. | 17 | |
| 39806292 | G | = H − TS, where T is temperature in Kelvin units. | 18 | |
| 39806293 | free energy | can be thought of as a measure of the stability of a system. | 19 | |
| 40077513 | negative | change in G must be _________ for a process to be spontaneous | 20 | |
| 40077514 | exergonic | An _________ reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy; G is negative. | 21 | |
| 40077515 | endergonic | An __________ reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.change in g is positive | 22 | |
| 40077516 | energy coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. | 23 | |
| 40077517 | ATP | a type of nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups. | 24 | |
| 40077518 | phosphorylated | • In the cell, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to endergonic processes by the transfer of the phosphate group to another molecule. This recipient molecule is now | 25 | |
| 40077519 | hydrolysis of ATP | • Mechanical, transport, and chemical work in the cell are nearly always powered by the | 26 | |
| 40077520 | phosphate group | • ATP is a renewable resource that can be regenerated by the addition of a _____________ to ADP. | 27 | |
| 40077521 | Catabolic | ________(exergonic) pathways, especially cellular respiration, provide the energy for the exergonic regeneration of ATP. | 28 | |
| 40077522 | activation energy | The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction is the | 29 | |
| 40077523 | transition state | At the summit, the molecules are in an unstable condition, the __________ | 30 | |
| 40077524 | enzyme-substrate complex | • The enzyme binds to a substrate, or substrates, forming an ________________ | 31 | |
| 40077525 | weak interactions | • In most cases, substrates are held in the active site by ______________, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. | 32 | |
| 40077526 | R groups | ________of a few amino acids on the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product. | 33 | |
| 40077527 | microenvironment | R groups at the active site may create a ______________ that is conducive to a specific reaction. | 34 | |
| 40077528 | low | At ____ substrate concentrations, an increase in substrate concentration speeds binding to available active sites. | 35 | |
| 40077529 | increases | As temperature _________, collisions between substrates and active sites occur more frequently as molecules move more rapidly. | 36 | |
| 40077530 | 6 and 8 | Optimal pH falls between pH __________ for most enzymes. | 37 | |
| 40077531 | cofactors | • Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers, called ___________, for catalytic activity. | 38 | |
| 40077532 | coenzymes | Organic cofactors are called _________ | 39 | |
| 40077533 | inhibitors | Binding by __________ prevents enzymes from catalyzing reactions | 40 | |
| 40077534 | competitive inhibitors | • Some reversible inhibitors, called ____________, resemble the substrate and compete for binding to the active site. | 41 | |
| 40077535 | Noncompetitive inhibitors | _____________ impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the molecule. | 42 | |
| 40077536 | allosteric | Metabolic control often depends on ________ regulation. | 43 | |
| 40077537 | allosteric site | a specific receptor on the enzyme away from the active site. | 44 | |
| 40077538 | activator, inhibitor | • The binding of an __________ stabilizes the conformation that has functional active sites, while the binding of an __________ stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme. | 45 | |
| 40077539 | cooperativity | • In enzymes with multiple catalytic subunits, binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all other subunits, a process called . | 46 | |
| 40077540 | feedback inhibition | • A common method of metabolic control is ____________ in which an early step in a metabolic pathway is switched off by the pathway's final product. | 47 |
