Terms : Hide Images
| 300282500 | Capsid | protein shell enclosing a viral genome | |
| 300282501 | Viral envelopes | accessory part of virus that is derived from membrane of the host cell containing marker proteins of the host, allowing it easy entry | |
| 300282502 | Bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria | |
| 300282503 | Host range | the range of host cells a virus can have | |
| 300282504 | Lytic cycle | culminates in the death of the host, bacteria breaks open and releases phages | |
| 300282505 | Virulent phage | reproduces only by the lytic cycle | |
| 300282506 | Restriction enzymes | enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites | |
| 300282507 | Lysogenic cycle | replicates phage genome without destroying the host | |
| 300282508 | Temperate phages | can use both lytic and lysogenic stage | |
| 300282509 | Prophage | when viral DNA is integrated through crossing over; mostly silent within the bacterium, | |
| 300282510 | Retroviruses | virus with RNA as genetic material | |
| 300282511 | Reverse transcriptase | enzyme that turns RNA into DNA | |
| 300282512 | HIV/AIDS | retrovirus that containt two identical molecules of single stranded RNA and two molecules of reverse transcriptase | |
| 300282513 | Vaccines | harmless variants or derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen | |
| 300282514 | Provirus | integrated viral DNA of HIV, never leaves hosts' genome, remains permanent resident of the cell | |
| 300282515 | Transformation | alteration of a bacterial cell's genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment | |
| 300282516 | Conjugation | direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined | |
| 300282517 | Plasmid | small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule separate from bacterial chromosome | |
| 300282518 | F factor | ability to donate DNA during conjugation | |
| 300282519 | episome | genetic element that can replicate either as part of the bacterial chromosome or independently | |
| 300282520 | R plasmids | genes that are resistant for certain antibiotics | |
| 300282521 | transposable elements | ALWAYS part of chromosomal or plasmid DNA, move from one site in cell's DNA to another target site, cut and paste or copy and paste mechanism | |
| 300282522 | insertion sequences | simplest transposable elements. contains a single gene, which codes for transposase. only bacteria | |
| 300282523 | transposons | longer, more complex, also move about in bacterial genome. contain extra genes, such as for antibiotic resistance | |
| 300282524 | operon | operator, promoter, and the genes they control | |
| 300282525 | operator | switch that controls gene expression | |
| 300282526 | repressor | can switch off the operon by attaching to the oeprator and blocking attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter | |
| 300282527 | regulatory gene | regulates the creation of the repressor, has its own poromoter | |
| 300282528 | corepressor | small molecule that operates with a reperssor to turn an operon off | |
| 300282529 | inducer | specific molecule that inactivates the repressor | |
| 300282530 | cyclic AMP | small organic molecule that accumulates when glucose is scarce | |
| 300282531 | activator | promotes gene expression; positive regulation | |
| 300282532 | viroids and prions | smaller, circular RNA molecules and proteins |
