Campbell Reece 7th Edition
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| 62659321 | Osmoregulation | How animals regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water | 0 | |
| 62659322 | Excretion | How animals get rid of nitrogenous waste products of metabolism | 1 | |
| 62659323 | Osmolarity | Total solute concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution | 2 | |
| 62659324 | Osmoconformer | Animal that does not actively adjust internal osmolarity | 3 | |
| 62659325 | Osmoregulator | Animal that must control its internal osmolarity | 4 | |
| 62659326 | Stenohaline | Animals that are not tolerant of substantial changes in external osmolarity | 5 | |
| 62659327 | Euryhaline | Animals that can withstand large fluctuations in external osmolarity. | 6 | |
| 62659328 | Anhydrobiosis | Animals that can lose almost all of their body water and survive in a dormant state. | 7 | |
| 62659329 | Transport epithelium | Layer(s) of epithelial cells that regulate solute movements and are essential components of osmotic regulation and metabolic waste disposal | 8 | |
| 62659330 | Ammonia | NH3, a very toxic molecule due to its tendency to form strong acids through hydrogen bonds. | 9 | |
| 62659331 | Urea | Substance produced in vertebrate liver by metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with CO2. Used by mammals, adult amphibians, sharks, and some fishes. | 10 | |
| 62659332 | Uric acid | Substance used to dispose of ammonia by being excreted in a dry white paste. Used by insects, land snails, and many reptiles (birds). | 11 | |
| 62659333 | Filtration | The passage of body fluid through selectively permeable membranes which forces small particles like salts, sugars, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes into excretory system. | 12 | |
| 62659334 | Filtrate | Fluid consisting of water and salts, sugars, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes which will eventually, after more filtration, be excreted. | 13 | |
| 62659335 | Selective reaborption | The cleansing of filtrate by re-adding some solutes to the body fluids through active transport. | 14 | |
| 62659336 | Secretion | The deposit of unnecessary or undesirable solutes to the filtrate after filtration through active transport. | 15 | |
| 62659337 | Protonephridum | Network of dead-end tubules without internal openings. They branch throughout the body and smallest branches are capped by flame bulbs. | 16 | |
| 62659338 | Metanephridia | Type of tubular excretory system with internal openings that collect body fluids. Found in earthworms. | 17 | |
| 62659339 | Malpighian tubules | Remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation in insects and terrestrial arthropods. Open into the digestive tract and dead end at tips in circulatory fluid. | 18 | |
| 62659340 | Renal artery | Artery that supplies kidney with blood | 19 | |
| 62659341 | Renal vein | Vein that takes blood from the kidney | 20 | |
| 62659342 | Ureter | Duct through which urine exits each kidney | 21 | |
| 62659343 | Urinary bladder | Container in which urine resides until drained. Ureters lead into this. | 22 | |
| 62659344 | Urethra | Tube that leads from urinary bladder to the outside of the organism (vagina in males or penis in males) | 23 | |
| 62659345 | Renal cortex | Outer region of kidney | 24 | |
| 62659346 | Renal medulla | Inner region of kidney | 25 | |
| 62659347 | Nephron | Functional unit of vertebrate kidney - consists of a long tubule and ball of capillaries called the glomerulus | 26 | |
| 62659348 | Glomerulus | Ball of capillaries which resides at the end of the nephron. | 27 | |
| 62659349 | Bowman's capsule | Cup-shaped swelling at the end of a tubule which surrounds the glomerulus. | 28 | |
| 62659350 | Cortical nephrons | 80% of kidney's nephrons, with reduced loops of henle and reside in the renal cortex | 29 | |
| 62659351 | Juxtamedullary nephrons | Nephrons with well-developed loops of henle, and extend deeply into renal medulla. | 30 | |
| 62659352 | Afferent arteriole | Branch of renal artery that supplies an individual nephron with blood. | 31 | |
| 62659353 | Efferent arteriole | Convergent capillaries at the exits of glomeruli. | 32 | |
| 62659354 | Vasa recta | Capillaries that serve the loop of Henle. | 33 | |
| 62659355 | Countercurrent multiplier systems | System in which liquids run against and next to each other, which expend energy to create concentration gradients. | 34 | |
| 62659356 | Antidiuretic hormone | Hormone that, when released when the osmolarity of the blood drops below a certain level, causes the permeability of the epithelium in the kidney to water, which reduces urine volume in order to conserve water. | 35 | |
| 62659357 | Juxtaglomerular apparatus | When blood pressure in afferent arteriole drops, this releases the enzyme renin which converts plasma proteins to angiotensin II | 36 | |
| 62659358 | Angiotensin II | Raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles in order to reduce the amount of salt and water excreted in urine. | 37 | |
| 62659359 | Aldosterone | Hormone that causes nephrons' distal tubes to reabsorb more sodium to increase blood volume and pressure. | 38 | |
| 62659360 | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | Complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis to conserve salt and water by regulating blood pressure. | 39 | |
| 62659361 | Atrial natriuretic factor | Hormone that opposes RAAS by reducing blood pressure by inhibiting release of renin. | 40 |
