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AP Bio Chapter 45 Endocrine System Flashcards Flashcards

Hormones

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1191713092HormoneSignal that is secreted into extracellular fluid, carried by circulatory system and communicates regulatory messages0
1191713093Hormones vs. other chemical regulatorsHormones elicit a slower but longer-acting response1
1191713094What two systems of internal communication do animals have?Nervous system and endocrine system2
1191713095Endocrine systemAll of an animal's hormone-secreting cells3
1191713096Endocrine glands vs. exocrine glandsEndocrine glands are ductless, exocrine glands use ducts, exocrine glands are NOT part of the endocrine system4
1191713097Neurosecretory cellsNerve cells that release hormones5
1191713098NeurohormonesHormones produced by neurons (serve as both hormones in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters, chemical signals in the nervous system)6
1191713099Examples of neurohormonesEpinephrine, dopamine, oxytocin7
1191713100Relationship between nervous and endocrine systemThey regulate each other, a nerve impulse can cause the secretion of neurohormones which will eventually alter nervous signals as well. Many endocrine glands are located in the nervous system (but they're not neurosecretory cells)8
1191713101Basic control pathwayreceptor detects stimulus → sent to control center → compares value with a reference value → sends signal that directs effector to respond → efferent signal is a hormone or neurohormone9
1191713102Control pathways are often regulated bynegative feedback loop, like in controlling blood calcium or glucose levels10
1191713103Why isn't positive feedback a common part of control pathwaysNegative feedback helps maintain homeostasis because the response reduces the initial stimulus. Positive feedback amplifies signals, which isn't good for maintaining homeostasis. There are a lot of positive feedback loops, just not within control pathways. Hence the word "control"11
1191713104Simple endocrine pathwaySignal → receptor on the endocrine cell → endocrine cell/control center → secretes hormone and goes into blood → targets effectors like organs → elicits response12
1191713105Endocrine glands can act as boththe receptor and control center13
1191713106Neuroendocrine glands can only act asthe control center (receptor is a sensory neuron)14
1191713107Simple neurohormone pathwaySignal → sensory neuron → neuroendocrine cell/control center → secretes neurohormone and goes into blood → targets effectors like organs → elicits response15
1191713108Simple neuroendocrine pathwaySignal → sensory neuron → neuroendocrine cell/control center → secretes neurohormone and goes into blood → receptor on endocrine cell → endocrine cell/control center → secretes hormone and goes into blood → targets effectors like organs → elicits response16
1191713109Neuroendocrine pathway vs. neurohormone pathwayIn neuroendocrine, the neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone that triggers an endocrine gland that in turn secretes another hormone that brings about the desired response. Neurohormone pathways bypass the intermediate endocrine gland17
1191713110What three types of molecules can function as hormones?Proteins, amines derived from amino acids and steroids18
1191713111Which hormones are water soluble?Proteins and amines19
1191713112Which hormones are lipid soluble?Steroids20
1191713113Receptors for water-soluble hormones are embedded inplasma membrane21
1191713114Receptors for lipid-soluble hormones areinside the cell, usually on the nucleus or cytoplasm (hormone penetrates cell and binds to intracellular receptor)22
1191713115Binding of hormone to receptor causessignal transduction pathway (like we learned in cell signaling, the hormone is the signal molecule)23
1191713116Evidence that hormone interaction with surface receptor is a requirement for signalingif you inject the hormone directly into the cell, nothing happens because there's no transduction pathway24
1191713117Unlike extracellular hydrophilic receptors, intracellular receptorsperform the entire act of transduction (directly triggers the response). Extracellular responses have more steps25
1191713118The activated intracellular receptor is usually a__transcription factor which causes change in gene expression26
1191713119Paracrine signalingLocal signaling, not as specific27
1191713120Neurotransmitters that are local regulators areamino acid derivatives28
1191713121Protein local regulators arecytokines and growth factors29
1191713122Growth factors allowcells to grow, divide and develop normally30
1191713123Nitric oxide local regulatorrelaxes smooth muscle to dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow when oxygen levels decrease31
1191713124Prostaglandin (PG) local regulatorsmodified fatty acids, stimulate smooth muscles of uterine wall to contract, induces fever and inflammation32
1191713125Pituitary gland locatedin hypothalamus33
1191713126Parts of the pituitary glandposterior pituitary (oxytocin and ADH), and anterior pituitary (growth hormone, FSH, LH, TSH). The pituitary gland as a whole is a FUSED endocrine and neuroendocrine gland34
1191713127Embryonic origin of pituitary glandposterior pituitary grows downward toward mouth and anterior pituitary grows upwards toward mouth35
1191713128OxytocinCauses uterine muscles to contract, and causes breast milk production, POSTIVE FEEDBACK36
1191713129Tropic hormoneshormones that regulate functions of endocrine organs. Many of the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary regulate these endocrine glands37
1191713130The three tropic hormones produced by anterior pituitaryFSH, LH and TSH38
1191713131Growth HormoneHas both tropic and nontropic effects, signals liver to release insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which stimulate bone growth. Also raises glucose levels39
1191713132Thyroid glandtwo lobes on the trachea, produces T3 and T4-thyroxine (number of iodine atoms) and calcitonin40
1191713133Which is more common, T3 or T4?Animals have more T4, but it's converted into T3 because receptors are more sensitive to T341
1191713134Thyroid hormone feedback loopHypothalamus makes TSH releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates anterior pituitary to make TSH which uses cAMP to make T3 and T4. When T3 and T4 are too high, TRH production inhibited and levels decrease (NEGATIVE feedback42
1191713135Thyroid hormones regulategrowth, blood pressure, digestion, heart rate43
1191713136Deficiency of iodine causesgoiter (enlarged thyroid gland)44
1191713137Two hormones that maintain calcium levelsparathyroid hormone and calcitonin45
1191713138Calcium regulationlow calcium levels trigger release of parathyroid hormone which raises calcium levels. High calcium levels trigger release of calcitonin which lowers calcium levels (PTH and calcitonin are antagonistic)46
1191713139How parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium levelsinduces bones to release calcium, or kidneys to reabsorb calcium. Liver and kidney can activate vitamin D, which stimulates intestines to intake calcium47
1191713140Endocrine cells in pancreasIslets of Langerhans48
1191713141Two types of cells in the isletsalpha cells produce glucagon, beta cells produce insulin49
1191713142Insulin and glucagon areantagonistic50
1191713143Glucose regulation pathwayRising glucose level stimulates beta cells to release insulin which causes liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Insulin also slows glycogen breakdown in liver and conversion of amino acids/lipids to glucose. Glucose levels start to decline and insulin decreases while glucagon is released. Glucagon causes liver to break down glycogen and release glucose. This up and down motion continues until homeostasis (that's why you can't eat too much sugar)51
1191713144The brain can take up glucose without insulinhas access to energy all the time52
1191713145What cells store sugar as glycogen?Liver and muscles53
1191713146What cells store sugar as fat?adipose tissue54
1191713147Diabetes mellitusCaused by deficiency of insulin or decreased sensitivity. Body can't absorb all the glucose that's taken in, so it's excreted (sweet urine). This causes more water to be excreted also, so causes thirst. Fat is used for respiration since there's not enough glucose55
1191713148Type I diabetesimmune system destroys beta cells, so no insulin is produced. Usually genetic56
1191713149Type II diabetesReduced sensitivity to insulin (it's still produced), usually not genetic57
1191713150Adrenal glandsnext to the kidneys58
1191713151Adrenal glands made ofadrenal cortex (outer layer) and adrenal medulla (inner layer). The adrenal gland as a whole is a FUSED endocrine and neuroendocrine gland, like the pituitary gland59
1191713152Which part of the adrenal gland is endocrine?Adrenal cortex60
1191713153Which part of the adrenal gland is neuroendocrine?Adrenal medulla61
1191713154CatecholaminesHormones synthesized from tyrosine amino acid, e.g epinephrine and norepinephrine62
1191713155Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by theadrenal medulla (it's not neuroendocrine, but it can still function as a neurotransmitter)63
1191713156How epinephrine and norepinephrine workincrease glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles, liver releases glucose, glucose used to provide energy. Blood pressure, breathing and metabolic rate increase64
1191713157Epinephrine vs. norepinephrineNorepinephrine keeps blood pressure up while epinephrine increases other rates too65
1191713158Adrenal medulla stimulated bySympathetic division of CNS66
1191713159Adrenal cortex stimulated byEndocrine signals, unlike the adrenal medulla67
1191713160What hormone causes adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids?Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH (tropic hormone) which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids68
1191713161Two main types of corticosteroidsglucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids69
1191713162Short term vs. long term stress responseShort term is epinephrine and norepinephrine, long term is glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids70
1191713163Primary source of sex hormonesgonads (testes in males, and ovaries in females)71
1191713164Three major categories of steroidsandrogens, estrogens and progestins72
1191713165Are all sex hormones found within each gender?Yes! But in different proportions73
1191713166Testes makeandrogens like testosterone. Androgens regulate reproductive system development74
1191713167EstrogensMost important is estradiol, maintains female reproductive system75
1191713168ProgestinsProtect uterus76
1191713169Pineal glandNear center of brain, secretes melatonin77
1191713170What controls amount of melatonin secreted?Length of night, that's why you get jet lag78
1191713171Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)Body's biological clock, target of melatonin79

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