Flashcards for Campbell and Reece AP Biology textbook 8th edition, chapter 51 - Animal Behavior.
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| 1542145670 | Ethology | The scientific study of how animals behave, esp. in their natural environments. | 0 | |
| 1542145671 | Proximate Causation | "How" a behavior occurs or is modified | 1 | |
| 1542145672 | Ultimate Causation | "Why" a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection | 2 | |
| 1542145673 | Behavioral Ecology | The study of the evolutionary and ecological basis for a particular animal behavior. | 3 | |
| 1542145674 | Fixed Action Pattern | A sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried out to completion. Directly linked to simple stimuli. | 4 | |
| 1542145675 | Sign Stimulus | The external clue that triggers a fixed action pattern | 5 | |
| 1542145676 | Kinesis | A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus | 6 | |
| 1542145677 | Taxis | An oriented movement toward (positive) or away from (negative) some stimulus. | 7 | |
| 1542145678 | Migration | A regular, long-distance change in location. | 8 | |
| 1542145679 | Signal | A stimulus transmitted from one animal to another | 9 | |
| 1542145680 | Behavioral Rhythms | Rhythms that trigger certain behaviors at certain times; circadian plays a major role in daily activity, circannual in yearly activity (migration) | 10 | |
| 1542145681 | Communication | The transmission and reception of signals between animals, an essential element of interactions between individuals. Made up of visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory communication. | 11 | |
| 1542145682 | Pheromones | Chemical substances used by animals to communicate. Most often utilized by mammals and insects and usually used for reproduction. | 12 | |
| 1542145683 | Innate Behavior | Behavior consistently observed in a species that is developmentally fixed (instinct) | 13 | |
| 1542145684 | Learning | Through learning, an organism changes its behavior based on experiences and its environment | 14 | |
| 1542145685 | Habituation | A loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information | 15 | |
| 1542145686 | Imprinting | The formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object. | 16 | |
| 1542145687 | Sensitive (Critical) Period | A limited developmental phase during which certain behaviors can be learned | 17 | |
| 1542145688 | Imprinting Stimulus | Provided by the outside work, something to which a response will be directed (e.g. Konrad Lorenz in his greylag geese experiment) | 18 | |
| 1542145689 | Spatial Learning | The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure | 19 | |
| 1542145690 | Cognitive Map | A representation in the nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings. | 20 | |
| 1542145691 | Associative Learning | The process of relating one situation to another. | 21 | |
| 1542145692 | Classical Conditioning | Associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus becomes related to a particular outcome (dog salivating when bell is rung) | 22 | |
| 1542145693 | Operant Conditioning | "Trial-and-error" learning, in which an animal learns to associate a behavior with a reward or punishment | 23 | |
| 1542145694 | Cognition | The process of knowing represented by awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement. | 24 | |
| 1542145695 | Problem Solving | The cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles. | 25 | |
| 1542145696 | Cross-Fostering Study | A study in which an offspring of one species is put under the care of another species, to test the extent to which the offspring's behavior changes in the new environment | 26 | |
| 1542145697 | Twin Study | The behavior of identical twins growing up in the same household is compared to the behavior of identical twins growing up in separate households. | 27 | |
| 1542145698 | Master Regulatory Gene | A gene that directs the expression and activity of many genes with narrower functions | 28 | |
| 1542145699 | Foraging | Food-obtaining behavior | 29 | |
| 1542145700 | Optimal Foraging Model | Explains the proximate and ultimate causations of foraging behavior with cost/benefit analysis. | 30 | |
| 1542145701 | Promiscuous Mating | Mated individuals form no long-lasting relationships or strong pair-bonds. | 31 | |
| 1542145702 | Monogamous Mating | Mated individuals remain together for a longer time, forming stronger pair-bonds | 32 | |
| 1542145703 | Polygamous Mating | An individual from one sex mates with several of the other | 33 | |
| 1542145704 | Polygyny | One male mating with many females, most common form of polygamous mating | 34 | |
| 1542145705 | Polyandry | Opposite of polygyny, one female mates with many males | 35 | |
| 1542145706 | Intersexual Selection | Members of one sex choose mates of the other based on the other's characteristics | 36 | |
| 1542145707 | Intrasexual Selection | Members of the same sex compete for mates. | 37 | |
| 1542145708 | Agonistic Behavior | A contest that determines which competitor gains access to a certain resource, often food or a mate | 38 | |
| 1542145709 | Game Theory | Evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved. | 39 | |
| 1542145710 | Altruism | Ways in which an animal behaves that decreases individual fitness but increases the fitness of the population. | 40 | |
| 1542145711 | Inclusive Fitness | The idea that a gene can proliferate itself throughout a population by causing an individual to behave altruistically in helping members of the same species that it is closely related to (who also have that gene) reproduce. | 41 | |
| 1542145712 | Hamilton's Rule | rB > C B = number of offspring produced by the beneficiary C = the number of offspring fewer that the altruist would produce. r = coefficient of relatedness, the fraction of genes that are shared | 42 | |
| 1542145713 | Kin Selection | The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives. | 43 | |
| 1542145714 | Reciprocal Altruism | An animal aiding a member of the same species who is not closely related | 44 | |
| 1542145715 | Social Learning | Learning through observing the actions of others. | 45 | |
| 1542145716 | Culture | A system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population | 46 | |
| 1542145717 | Mate-Choice Copying | A behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice of others. | 47 | |
| 1542145718 | Sociobiology | The discipline through which human culture is related to evolutionary theory. | 48 |
