Vocab for Chapter 5
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| 446601609 | macro-molecule | giant molecules, consist of potentially thousands of covalently connected atoms that form a molecular colossus with a mass of over 100,000 daltons | |
| 446601610 | polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds | |
| 446601611 | monomers | repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer | |
| 446601612 | condensation reaction/ dehydration reaction | when monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule | |
| 446601613 | Hydrolysis | used to dissamble polymers to monomers, process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction | |
| 446601614 | Diversity of Polymers | small molecules common to all organisms are orders into unique macro-molecules | |
| 446601615 | carbohydrates | include both sugars and the polymers of sugars | |
| 446601616 | monosaccarides | single sugars (aka simple sugars), generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH20 | |
| 446601617 | disaccharides | double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction known as a glycosidic linkage | |
| 446601618 | polysaccharides | polymers composed of many sugar building blocks | |
| 446601619 | Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose | C6H12O6 | |
| 446601620 | Maltose | Glucose +Glucose | |
| 446601621 | Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose | |
| 446601622 | Lactose | Glucose + Galactose | |
| 446601623 | Starch | a storage polysaccharide of plants, made of entirely glucose monomers | |
| 446601624 | Glycogen | polymer of glucose, found in animals | |
| 446601625 | cellulose | a polymer of glucose monomers, major components of the tough walls that enclose plant cells | |
| 446601626 | chitin | carbohydrate polysaccharide, used by insects to build their exoskeleton | |
| 446601627 | lipids | do not consist of polymers, have little or no affinity for water, mostly consist of hydrocarbons | |
| 446601628 | fat | constructed from glycerol and fatty acids (fatty acid is a long carbon skeleton) | |
| 446601629 | triglycerol/ triglyceride | three fatty acids, combined to a a glycerol molecule | |
| 446601630 | saturated fatty acids | have no double bonds, tend to be packed solidly at room temp., linked to heart disease, produced by animals | |
| 446601631 | unsaturated fatty acids | have some double bonds(results in kinks), tends to be liquid at room temp, commonly found in plants | |
| 446601632 | Major function of fat | to store energy | |
| 446601633 | adipose cells | humans store energy in these | |
| 446601634 | phospholipid | has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, third hydroxyl group is linked to a phosphate | |
| 446601635 | phospholipid bilayer | form cell membrane, with hydrophobic heads pointing towards each other, and hydrophilic heads pointing towards water | |
| 446601636 | steroids | made up of four carbon rings fused together | |
| 446601637 | cholesterol | steroid, common component of cell membranes | |
| 446601638 | enzymatic proteins | selective acceleration of chemical reactions ex. digestive enzymes | |
| 446601639 | structural proteins | support ex. silk fibers in cocoons and webs | |
| 446601640 | storage proteins | storage of amino acids ex. plants have storage acids in their seeds | |
| 446601641 | transport proteins | transport of other subtances ex. hemoglobin transports oxygen | |
| 446601642 | hormonal proteins | coordination of an organism's activities | |
| 446601643 | receptor proteins | response of cell to chemical stimuli ex. membranes of nerve cells detect chemical signals | |
| 446601644 | contractile and motor proteins | movement ex. actin and myosin | |
| 446601645 | defensive proteins | protection against disease ex. antibodies | |
| 446601646 | polypeptides | polymers of amino acids | |
| 446601647 | protein | consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations | |
| 446601648 | amino acids | organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups | |
| 446601649 | 4 types of amino acids | nonpolar, polar, acidic, and basic | |
| 446601650 | peptide bond | covalent bond between separate amino acids | |
| 446601651 | primary structure | unique sequence of amino acids | |
| 446601652 | secondary structure | polypeptide chains repeatedly coil or fold in patterns that contribute to protein's overall conformation | |
| 446601653 | alpha helix | a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding | |
| 446601654 | beta pleated sheet | two or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonding between two parallel polypeptide chains | |
| 446601655 | tertiary structure | overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains and various amino acids | |
| 446601656 | hydrophobic interaction | amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein | |
| 446601657 | disulfide bridges | form where two cysteine monomers are brought close together | |
| 446601658 | quaternary structure | two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macro-molecule | |
| 446601659 | chaperonins | protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within one cell | |
| 446601660 | denaturation | occurs when a protein A is denatured when it loses its shape and ability to function due to HEAT or CHANGE IN pH | |
| 446601661 | genes | program the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide | |
| 446601662 | Two types of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA | |
| 446601663 | nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acids | |
| 446601664 | Three Parts of Nucleotides | - nitrogenous base - pentose - phosphate group | |
| 446601665 | DNA | molecule of heredity, double stranded helix | |
| 446601666 | DNA nucleotides | adenine, thymine, ctyosine, and guanine a-t, c-g | |
| 446601667 | RNA | single stranded, plays a role in protein synthesis | |
| 446601668 | RNA nucleotides | anenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine, NO thymine |
