This flashcard set, along with my flashcard set on Photosynthesis, gave me my first A on a test in AP Bio.
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| 34755709 | the citric acid cycle | What completes the energy-yielding oxidaton of organic molecules? | |
| 34756245 | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, and 2 NADH + 2H+ | What does Glycolysis produce? | |
| 34756246 | pyruvate and NADH | What may enter the mitochondria for respiration? | |
| 34781767 | a mitochondrion | What consists of an intermembrane space between the two membranes to house H+? | |
| 34781768 | H+ | What is housed that has been pumped across the inner membrane during the redox reactions of the electron transport chain? | |
| 34781770 | oxidative phosphorylation | What is a chemiosmotic mechanism in which a proton motive force drives protons through ATP synthases located in the membrane? | |
| 34784336 | redox reactions | what are oxidatin-reduction reactions | |
| 34784337 | redox-reaction | What reactions involve the partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant on another? | |
| 34784338 | oxidation | What is the loss of electrons from one substance? | |
| 34784339 | reduction | What is the addition of electrons to another substance? | |
| 34784340 | reducing agent | What is a synonym for an electron donor? | |
| 34785203 | reducing agent | The substance that loses electrons becomes oxidized and acts as a what to the substance that gains electrons? | |
| 34785204 | oxidizing agent | By gaining electrons, a substance acts as a what and becomes reduced? | |
| 34785205 | oxidizing agent | What is a synonym for an electron acceptor? | |
| 34787317 | oxygen | Chemical energy is released in a redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to what? | |
| 34787319 | two hydrogen atoms | What are removed by enzymes called dehydrogenases during the oxidation of glucose? | |
| 34787320 | NAD+ | the two electrons and one proton are passes to what coenzyme, reducing it to NADH? | |
| 34787321 | an electron transport chain | Energy from respiration is slowly released in a series of small steps as electrons are passed from NADH down what? | |
| 34911464 | the citric acid cycle | What is located in the mitochondrial matrix? | |
| 34911465 | pyruvate; carbon dioxide | The citric acid cycle converts a derivative of what into what? | |
| 34911466 | dehydrogenase enzymes | What enzymes transfer electrons to NAD+ | |
| 34915092 | NADH | What passes electrons to the electron transport chain? | |
| 34927663 | oxidative phosphorylation | The energyreleased though a chain of redox reactions is used to synthesize ATP by what? | |
| 34927665 | the energy-investment phase and the energy pay-off phase | What are the phases of Glycolysis | |
| 34927666 | kinases | What transfer phosphate groups? | |
| 34927667 | a dehydrogenase | What oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | |
| 34927668 | a dehydrogenase | What enzyme reduces NAD+? | |
| 34929864 | pyruvate | What is actively transported into the mitochondrion? | |
| 34930305 | acetate; NAD+; NADH | the remaining two-carbon group is oxidized to form what with the accompanying reduction of what to what? | |
| 34930306 | acetyl CoA | What does coenzyme A form when it's attached to the acetate by an unstable bond? | |
| 34932256 | oxaloacetate | During the citric acid cycle, citrate is progressively decomposed back to what? | |
| 34932257 | two carbon | For each turn of the citric acid cycle, what enters in the reduced form from acetyl CoA | |
| 34932259 | three; one | During each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many NADH and how many FADH2 are formed? | |
| 34932260 | one | How many ATp are made by substrate-level phosphorylation? | |
| 34932261 | two | There are how many turns of the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule oxidized? | |
| 34937643 | hexokinase | What enzyme phosphoylizes glucose? | |
| 34937645 | phosphoglucoisomerase | What turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate? | |
| 35076252 | Oxaloacetate | What bonds with Acetyl CoA to create a product? | |
| 35076253 | Citrate | Acetyl CoA creates what product? | |
| 35076255 | the cytochrome | What is a chain of proteins that will accept NADH and FADH2? | |
| 35077551 | NADH | Where do the protons come from on the electron transport chain? | |
| 35077552 | electron transport chains | What are embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane? | |
| 35077553 | tightly bound, nonprotein prosthetic groups | Most components of the electron transport chain are proteins with what? | |
| 35078528 | cytochromes | What are proteins with an iron-containing heme group? | |
| 35078529 | cytochromes | After the transfer of electrons, electrons pass down a series of molecules called what? | |
| 35078530 | the last cytochrome | What passes electrons to oxygen? | |
| 35078531 | FADH2 | What adds its electrons to the chain at a lower energy chain? | |
| 35079666 | ATP synthase | What is a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane | |
| 35079667 | ATP synthase | What uses the energy of a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP | |
| 35079668 | the electron transport chain | What creates the proton gradient? | |
| 35079669 | exergonic redox reactions | What reactions produce the H+ gradient that drives the production of ATP in mitochondria? | |
| 35079670 | transport molecules, make ATP, and rotate flagella | Prokaryotes use H+ gradients generated across their plasma membranes to what? | |
| 35085351 | substrate-level phosphorylation | fermentation is the anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients to generate ATP by what? | |
| 35087501 | glycolysis with NAD+ | Both fermentation and respiration use what as the oxidizing agent to convert glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate? | |
| 35087502 | pyruvate or acetaldhyde | to oxidize NADH back to NAD+, fermentation uses what as the final electron acceptor? | |
| 35089029 | faculative anaerobes | What anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation or respiration, depending upon the availability of oxygen? | |
| 35089031 | fats, proteins, and carbohydrates | What can all by used by cellular respiration to make ATP? | |
| 35089032 | proteins | What are digested into amino acids, which then deaminated, and can enter into respiration at several sites? | |
| 35089033 | glycerol and fatty acids | What is yielded by by the digestion of fats? | |
| 35091135 | beta oxidation | Fatty acids are broken down by what to acetyl CoA? | |
| 35092377 | phosphoglucoisomerase | What enzyme turns glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate? | |
| 35241511 | exergonic | In the first reaction of the glycolysis, glucose recieves a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is what? | |
| 35241512 | the citric acid cycle | The oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide is called what? | |
| 35241513 | the citric acid cycle | The carbon dioxide that animal cells breathe out is created by what process? | |
| 35241514 | ATP | A drug destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. If you incubate the isolated mitochondria in a solution of the drug, what wouldn't be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain? | |
| 35245866 | oxidative phosphorization | What process includes the electon transport chain and chemiosmosis? | |
| 36546486 | energy is released | What happens when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom? | |
| 36546487 | oxygen | In cellular respiration, what becomes reduced? | |
| 36546488 | a substrate that is phosphorylated | What kind of substrate has an increased reactivity and is primed to do work? | |
| 36546489 | three ATP | Oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP per NADH that's oxidized? | |
| 36546490 | substrate-level phosphorylation | What process is the energy source for faculative anaerobes under aerobic conditions? | |
| 36547716 | mobile electron carriers | Q and cytochrome c are what? | |
| 36547717 | the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA | What causes a multienzyme complex to remove a carboxyl group, transfer electrons to NAD+, and attach to a coenzyme? | |
| 36547718 | two | How many molecules of CO2 are generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA introduced into the citric acid cycle? | |
| 36547719 | ATP and NAD+ | From an energetic viewpoint, what do muscle cells in oxygen deprivation gain from the reduction of pyruvate? | |
| 36547720 | two | in alcoholic fermentation, how much alcohol is formed with each molecule of glucose? | |
| 36549588 | fats | What makes the most ATP per gram because they are highly reduced compounds? | |
| 36549589 | intermediates | Fats and proteins can be converted to what of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle? | |
| 36549590 | triose phosphate dehydrogenase | Which enzyme would use NAD+ as a coenzyme? | |
| 36549591 | fructose bisphosphate | Which compound has the highest free energy (will produce the most ATP when oxidized? | |
| 36549592 | a reduction reaction | acetaldehyde (C2H4O) to ethanol (C2H6O) is what type of reaction? | |
| 36551837 | 2 pyruvate, 2 CoA, and 2 NAD+ | What are the inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? | |
| 36551838 | 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH + 2H+ | What are the outputs of the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? | |
| 36551839 | glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP + (P)i | What are the inputs of glycolysis? | |
| 36551840 | 2 acetyl CoA, 2 ADP + (P)i, 6 NAD+, and 2 FAD | What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle? | |
| 36553475 | 2 CoA, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH + 6H+, and 2 FADH2 | What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle? | |
| 36553476 | 10 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2, H+ + O2, and 34 ADP + (P)i | What are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation? | |
| 36553477 | 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, H2O, 34 ATP | What are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation? | |
| 36553478 | 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH | What is the input of fermentation (doesn't include the input of glycolyis) | |
| 36553479 | 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 or 2 lactate | What are the outputs of fermentation? | |
| 36555713 | the mitochondrial matrix | Where is the ATP synthase? | |
| 36555714 | the intermembrane space | Where is the proton gradient? | |
| 36555715 | NADH+H+ to NAD+ | In the I of the electron transport chain, what turns into what? | |
| 36555716 | 2H+ + 1/2 O2 to H2O | In the IV of the elctron transport chain, what turns into what? | |
| 36887816 | 2; 0; 2 | How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Glycolysis? | |
| 36887817 | 2; 0; 0 | How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Conversion to Acetyl CoA? | |
| 36887818 | 6; 2; 2 | How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in the Citric Acid Cycle? | |
| 36887819 | 3 | How many ATP are generated from one NADH? | |
| 36887820 | 2 | How many ATP are generated from one FADH2? |
