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AP Bio Chapter 9: Cell Respiration Flashcards

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This flashcard set, along with my flashcard set on Photosynthesis, gave me my first A on a test in AP Bio.

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1724456435the citric acid cycleWhat completes the energy-yielding oxidaton of organic molecules?0
17244564362 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2H2O, and 2 NADH + 2H+What does Glycolysis produce?1
1724456437pyruvate and NADHWhat may enter the mitochondria for respiration?2
1724456438a mitochondrionWhat consists of an intermembrane space between the two membranes to house H+?3
1724456439H+What is housed that has been pumped across the inner membrane during the redox reactions of the electron transport chain?4
1724456440oxidative phosphorylationWhat is a chemiosmotic mechanism in which a proton motive force drives protons through ATP synthases located in the membrane?5
1724456441redox reactionswhat are oxidatin-reduction reactions6
1724456442redox-reactionWhat reactions involve the partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant on another?7
1724456443oxidationWhat is the loss of electrons from one substance?8
1724456444reductionWhat is the addition of electrons to another substance?9
1724456445reducing agentWhat is a synonym for an electron donor?10
1724456446reducing agentThe substance that loses electrons becomes oxidized and acts as a what to the substance that gains electrons?11
1724456447oxidizing agentBy gaining electrons, a substance acts as a what and becomes reduced?12
1724456448oxidizing agentWhat is a synonym for an electron acceptor?13
1724456449oxygenChemical energy is released in a redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to what?14
1724456450two hydrogen atomsWhat are removed by enzymes called dehydrogenases during the oxidation of glucose?15
1724456451NAD+the two electrons and one proton are passes to what coenzyme, reducing it to NADH?16
1724456452an electron transport chainEnergy from respiration is slowly released in a series of small steps as electrons are passed from NADH down what?17
1724456453the citric acid cycleWhat is located in the mitochondrial matrix?18
1724456454pyruvate; carbon dioxideThe citric acid cycle converts a derivative of what into what?19
1724456455dehydrogenase enzymesWhat enzymes transfer electrons to NAD+20
1724456456NADHWhat passes electrons to the electron transport chain?21
1724456457oxidative phosphorylationThe energyreleased though a chain of redox reactions is used to synthesize ATP by what?22
1724456458the energy-investment phase and the energy pay-off phaseWhat are the phases of Glycolysis23
1724456459kinasesWhat transfer phosphate groups?24
1724456460a dehydrogenaseWhat oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate25
1724456461a dehydrogenaseWhat enzyme reduces NAD+?26
1724456462pyruvateWhat is actively transported into the mitochondrion?27
1724456463acetate; NAD+; NADHthe remaining two-carbon group is oxidized to form what with the accompanying reduction of what to what?28
1724456464acetyl CoAWhat does coenzyme A form when it's attached to the acetate by an unstable bond?29
1724456465oxaloacetateDuring the citric acid cycle, citrate is progressively decomposed back to what?30
1724456466two carbonFor each turn of the citric acid cycle, what enters in the reduced form from acetyl CoA31
1724456467three; oneDuring each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many NADH and how many FADH2 are formed?32
1724456468oneHow many ATp are made by substrate-level phosphorylation?33
1724456469twoThere are how many turns of the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule oxidized?34
1724456470hexokinaseWhat enzyme phosphoylizes glucose?35
1724456471phosphoglucoisomeraseWhat turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?36
1724456472OxaloacetateWhat bonds with Acetyl CoA to create a product?37
1724456473CitrateAcetyl CoA creates what product?38
1724456474the cytochromeWhat is a chain of proteins that will accept NADH and FADH2?39
1724456475NADHWhere do the protons come from on the electron transport chain?40
1724456476electron transport chainsWhat are embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane?41
1724456477tightly bound, nonprotein prosthetic groupsMost components of the electron transport chain are proteins with what?42
1724456478cytochromesWhat are proteins with an iron-containing heme group?43
1724456479cytochromesAfter the transfer of electrons, electrons pass down a series of molecules called what?44
1724456480the last cytochromeWhat passes electrons to oxygen?45
1724456481FADH2What adds its electrons to the chain at a lower energy chain?46
1724456482ATP synthaseWhat is a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane47
1724456483ATP synthaseWhat uses the energy of a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP48
1724456484the electron transport chainWhat creates the proton gradient?49
1724456485exergonic redox reactionsWhat reactions produce the H+ gradient that drives the production of ATP in mitochondria?50
1724456486transport molecules, make ATP, and rotate flagellaProkaryotes use H+ gradients generated across their plasma membranes to what?51
1724456487substrate-level phosphorylationfermentation is the anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients to generate ATP by what?52
1724456488glycolysis with NAD+Both fermentation and respiration use what as the oxidizing agent to convert glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate?53
1724456489pyruvate or acetaldhydeto oxidize NADH back to NAD+, fermentation uses what as the final electron acceptor?54
1724456490faculative anaerobesWhat anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation or respiration, depending upon the availability of oxygen?55
1724456491fats, proteins, and carbohydratesWhat can all by used by cellular respiration to make ATP?56
1724456492proteinsWhat are digested into amino acids, which then deaminated, and can enter into respiration at several sites?57
1724456493glycerol and fatty acidsWhat is yielded by by the digestion of fats?58
1724456494beta oxidationFatty acids are broken down by what to acetyl CoA?59
1724456495phosphoglucoisomeraseWhat enzyme turns glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?60
1724456496exergonicIn the first reaction of the glycolysis, glucose recieves a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is what?61
1724456497the citric acid cycleThe oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide is called what?62
1724456498the citric acid cycleThe carbon dioxide that animal cells breathe out is created by what process?63
1724456499ATPA drug destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. If you incubate the isolated mitochondria in a solution of the drug, what wouldn't be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain?64
1724456500oxidative phosphorizationWhat process includes the electon transport chain and chemiosmosis?65
1724456501energy is releasedWhat happens when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom?66
1724456502oxygenIn cellular respiration, what becomes reduced?67
1724456503a substrate that is phosphorylatedWhat kind of substrate has an increased reactivity and is primed to do work?68
1724456504three ATPOxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP per NADH that's oxidized?69
1724456505substrate-level phosphorylationWhat process is the energy source for faculative anaerobes under aerobic conditions?70
1724456506mobile electron carriersQ and cytochrome c are what?71
1724456507the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoAWhat causes a multienzyme complex to remove a carboxyl group, transfer electrons to NAD+, and attach to a coenzyme?72
1724456508twoHow many molecules of CO2 are generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA introduced into the citric acid cycle?73
1724456509ATP and NAD+From an energetic viewpoint, what do muscle cells in oxygen deprivation gain from the reduction of pyruvate?74
1724456510twoin alcoholic fermentation, how much alcohol is formed with each molecule of glucose?75
1724456511fatsWhat makes the most ATP per gram because they are highly reduced compounds?76
1724456512intermediatesFats and proteins can be converted to what of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle?77
1724456513triose phosphate dehydrogenaseWhich enzyme would use NAD+ as a coenzyme?78
1724456514fructose bisphosphateWhich compound has the highest free energy (will produce the most ATP when oxidized?79
1724456515a reduction reactionacetaldehyde (C2H4O) to ethanol (C2H6O) is what type of reaction?80
17244565162 pyruvate, 2 CoA, and 2 NAD+What are the inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?81
17244565172 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH + 2H+What are the outputs of the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?82
1724456518glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP + (P)iWhat are the inputs of glycolysis?83
17244565192 acetyl CoA, 2 ADP + (P)i, 6 NAD+, and 2 FADWhat are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?84
17244565202 CoA, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH + 6H+, and 2 FADH2What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?85
172445652110 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2, H+ + O2, and 34 ADP + (P)iWhat are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?86
172445652210 NAD+, 2 FAD, H2O, 34 ATPWhat are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?87
17244565232 pyruvate and 2 NADHWhat is the input of fermentation (doesn't include the input of glycolyis)88
17244565242 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 or 2 lactateWhat are the outputs of fermentation?89
1724456525the mitochondrial matrixWhere is the ATP synthase?90
1724456526the intermembrane spaceWhere is the proton gradient?91
1724456527NADH+H+ to NAD+In the I of the electron transport chain, what turns into what?92
17244565282H+ + 1/2 O2 to H2OIn the IV of the elctron transport chain, what turns into what?93
17244565292; 0; 2How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Glycolysis?94
17244565302; 0; 0How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Conversion to Acetyl CoA?95
17244565316; 2; 2How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in the Citric Acid Cycle?96
17244565323How many ATP are generated from one NADH?97
17244565332How many ATP are generated from one FADH2?98
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