AP Bio Chapters 1-5 & 8
Terms : Hide Images
| 32831462 | producers | Oganisms that make their own food | |
| 32831463 | consumer | An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms | |
| 32831464 | deoxribonucleic acid (DNA) | A double stranded , helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of cell's protiens. | |
| 32831465 | biosphere | The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist | |
| 32831466 | communities | Populations of different kinds of organisms that live in the same place at the same time | |
| 32831467 | ecosystems | A specific biological community and its physical environment interacting in an exchange of matter and energy. | |
| 32831468 | organisms | Living Things | |
| 32831469 | cells | The basic unit of all living things | |
| 32831470 | tissue | A part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function | |
| 32831471 | organ and organ system | A body part consisting of two or more tissue. | |
| 32831472 | organelles | Small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs | |
| 32831473 | molecules | The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces | |
| 32831474 | genome | The complete genetic material contained in an individual | |
| 32831475 | eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals. | |
| 32831476 | prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. | |
| 32831477 | reductionism | The analysis of complex things into simpler constituents | |
| 32831478 | emergent properties | New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | |
| 32831479 | system biology | Study of life which analyzes how all parts of biological systems work together in interactions in living specimens | |
| 32831480 | bioinformatics | Merge of biotechnology and information technology to find new insights and principles in biology | |
| 32831481 | negative feedback | A mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus | |
| 32831482 | positive feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. | |
| 32831483 | domain Bacteria | A domain of prokaryotic bacteria the consists of cocci, bacilli, and spirilli shaped cells organized into strepto- and staphlo- groups | |
| 32831484 | domain Archaea | Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions | |
| 32831485 | domain Eukarya | A group consisting of all protist, fungi, plants and aniamls | |
| 32831486 | inquiry | A systematic process for using knowledge and skills to acquire and apply new knowledge | |
| 32831487 | discovery science | Science based on observations, descriptions | |
| 32831488 | inductive reasoning | Inferring general principles from specific examples | |
| 32831489 | deductive reasoning | Deriving testable predictions about specific cases from general principles | |
| 32831490 | falsifiable | Capable of being tested (verified or falsified) by experiment or observation | |
| 32831491 | experimental group | Subjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered | |
| 32831492 | control group | The group that does not receive the experimental treatment. | |
| 32831493 | controlled group | The sample of expieremnt that is ot exposed to the independent variables. This gives you a "normal" group to compare with. - ex. cup of soil without sugar or salt. | |
| 32831494 | qualitative data | Data you collect usuing your senses | |
| 32831495 | quantitative data | Numerical data | |
| 32831496 | theory | A tentative theory about the natural world | |
| 32831497 | subatomic particles | protons, neutrons, and electrons | |
| 32831498 | matter | That which has mass and occupies space | |
| 32831499 | element | An artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up | |
| 32831500 | compund | When 2 or more elements bond together in definate proportoins | |
| 32831501 | trace elements | Elements or minerals needed in very small amounts | |
| 32831502 | atom | The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element | |
| 32831503 | neutrons | No charge | |
| 32831504 | electrons | Negatively charged particles | |
| 32831505 | protons | Positive charge | |
| 32831506 | atomic nucleus | An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. | |
| 32831507 | dalton | Unit of atomic mass | |
| 32831508 | atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | |
| 32831509 | mass number | The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus | |
| 32831510 | isotope | One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons | |
| 32831511 | radioactive isotope | An atom that gives off nuclear radiation and has the same number of protons as another atom but diffrent nutrons | |
| 32831512 | energy | The ability to do work | |
| 32831513 | potential energy | Stored energy | |
| 32831514 | energy levels | The fixed energies an electron can have | |
| 32831515 | electron shells | An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. | |
| 32831516 | valence electrons | Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom | |
| 32831517 | valence shell | The outermost shell of an atom. | |
| 32831518 | orbital | A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons | |
| 32831519 | molecule | The smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance | |
| 32831520 | chemical bonds | An attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges | |
| 32831521 | covalent bonds | Sharing of electrons | |
| 32831522 | single bond | A covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons. | |
| 32831523 | valence | A relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate | |
| 32831524 | structural formula | An expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule | |
| 32831525 | molecular formula | A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms. | |
| 32831526 | double bond | A covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms | |
| 32831527 | electronegativity | A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons | |
| 32831528 | anion | A negatively charged ion | |
| 32831529 | nonpolar covalent bonds | Electrons are shared equally. | |
| 32831530 | polar covalent bonds | Uneven sharing of electrons. | |
| 32831531 | ion | A charged atom | |
| 32831532 | cation | Positively charged ion | |
| 32831533 | ionic bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another | |
| 32831534 | salts | Another name for Ionic Compounds | |
| 32831535 | ionic compunds | Electrically nuetral; containg both cations and anions | |
| 32831536 | hydrogen bond | Weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms | |
| 32831537 | van der Waals interaction | Very weak connections caused by uneven distribution of electrons within a molecule | |
| 32832792 | chemical equilibrium | In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. | |
| 32832793 | polar molecule | A molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed | |
| 32832794 | cohesion | The intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid | |
| 32832795 | adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances | |
| 32832796 | surface tension | The uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid | |
| 32832797 | kinetic energy | Energy of motion | |
| 32832798 | heat | The movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature | |
| 32832799 | temperature | The average kinetic energy of the individual particles | |
| 32832800 | celsius scale | The temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees | |
| 32832801 | calorie | Unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure | |
| 32832802 | kilocalorie | A unit of energy equal to 1000 calories | |
| 32832803 | joule | Unit of work | |
| 32832804 | heat of vaporization | The amount of heat energy required to convert one gram of a substance from a liquid to a gas | |
| 32832805 | evaporative cooling | As liquid evaporates, the liquid remaining behind cools down; it occurs because the molecules w/ greatest kinetic energy are the most likely to leave as a gas | |
| 32832806 | solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances | |
| 32832807 | solvent | a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances | |
| 32832808 | solute | the dissolved substance in a solution | |
| 32832809 | aqueous solution | solution in which water is the solvent | |
| 32832810 | hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | |
| 32832811 | hydrophilic | having a strong affinity for water | |
| 32832812 | colloid | Suspended particticles, when particles are mixed together but not dissolved | |
| 32832813 | hydrophobic | Water Fearing | |
| 32832814 | molecular mass | The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule | |
| 32832815 | molarity | concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solvent | |
| 32832816 | hydrogen ion | a positively charged atom of hydrogen | |
| 32832817 | hydroxide ion | A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH-) | |
| 32832818 | acid | harsh or corrosive in tone | |
| 32832819 | basic | hydrogen ions (H+) are in lower concentration than the hydroxide ions (OH-) | |
| 32832820 | pH | a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is | |
| 32832821 | buffers | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH | |
| 32832822 | acid precipitation | precipitation that contains acids due to ar pollution | |
| 32832823 | organic chemistry | The study of all chemicals containing carbon | |
| 32832824 | hydrocarbons | chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms | |
| 32832825 | chitin | complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods | |
| 32832826 | isomers | compounds with the same formula but different structure | |
| 32832827 | structural isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. | |
| 32832828 | geometric isomers | Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. | |
| 32832829 | enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other | |
| 32832830 | functional groups | group of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions in an organic molecule | |
| 32832831 | hydroxyl | a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom- alcohols | |
| 32832832 | carboxyl | an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH group- carboxylic acid | |
| 32832833 | carbonyl | a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond-ketones and aldehydes | |
| 32832834 | amino | nitrogen containing | |
| 32832835 | sulfhydryl | -SH consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen-Thiols | |
| 32832836 | phosphate | a phospsorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms. one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton, two oxygen carry negative charges | |
| 32832837 | adenosine triphosphate | a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue noun | |
| 32832838 | macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. | |
| 32832839 | condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule | |
| 32832840 | dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water | |
| 32832841 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds noun | |
| 32832842 | carbohydrates | Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of | |
| 32832843 | monosaccharides | single sugar molecules | |
| 32832844 | glycosidic linkage | covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | |
| 32832845 | polysaccharides | the large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides | |
| 32832846 | starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice noun | |
| 32832847 | glycogen | The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose Ex. stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body | |
| 32832848 | cellulose | hard, nonliving material that makes up the cell wall of a plant cell | |
| 32832849 | fatty acid | n organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils Ex. fatty acids are simple molecules built around a series of carbon atoms linked together in a chain of 12 to 22 carbon atoms | |
| 32832850 | triacylglycerol | Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. | |
| 32832851 | saturated fatty acids | found in fat (animal lipids), have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms because contain many hydrogene atoms and are so to speak saturated in them | |
| 32832852 | phospholipid | any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base noun | |
| 32832853 | unsaturated fatty acids | double bonds between carbon atoms because fewer than two hydrogens are bonded to a carbon atom | |
| 32832854 | steriods | complex ring structures, and include cholestoral, which is used to synthesis the sex hormones | |
| 32832855 | enzymes | molecules usually proteins or nucleic acids that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions | |
| 32832856 | cholesterol | a type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods | |
| 32832857 | catalyst | a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without itself changing; a person or thing that causes change | |
| 32832858 | polypeptides | Long chains of amino acids | |
| 32832859 | peptide bonds | the bonds that join amino acids together to form proteins. they attach the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another. the average protein contains many of these bonds, for example, E. coli contains 270 amino acids | |
| 32832860 | teritary structure | The complex 3-dimensional structure of a single peptide chain; held in place by disulfide bonds between cysteines. | |
| 32832861 | primary structure | the simplest; unique sequencing of amino The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. | |
| 32832862 | secondary structure | The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages | |
| 32899679 | disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. | |
| 32899680 | quaternary structure | The paticular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristc three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. | |
| 32899681 | pleated sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. | |
| 32899682 | denatured | when a protein loses its secondary teritary structure it loses function, when a protein is unfolded | |
| 32899683 | denaturation | For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature. | |
| 32899684 | disulfide bridges | Strong covalent bonds formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer | |
| 32899685 | hydrophobic interaction | A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water | |
| 32899686 | chaperoins | protein mcs that assist in proper folding of other proteins | |
| 32899687 | x-ray crystallography | can determine arrangement of atoms | |
| 32899688 | renaturation | a proteins chemical and physical aspects are restored when it is restored to its natural environment | |
| 32899689 | gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | |
| 32899690 | ribonucleic acid (RNA) | stores and transfers info from the dna that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins | |
| 32899691 | polynucleotides | polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities | |
| 32899692 | nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases, building blocks of nucleic acids | |
| 32899693 | pyrimidine | single-ring nitrogenous base | |
| 32899694 | purine | a colorless crystalline nitrogen-containing organic base | |
| 32899695 | ribose | a five-carbon sugar present in RNA | |
| 32899696 | deoxyribose | five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides | |
| 32899697 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. | |
| 32899698 | anti parallel | The chemical coordination of the two strands of a double stranded nucleic acid molecule | |
| 32899699 | metabolism | set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes | |
| 32899700 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway). | |
| 32899701 | catabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. | |
| 32899702 | anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds. | |
| 32900255 | thermal energy | the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance. | |
| 32900256 | chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds of molecules. | |
| 32900257 | first law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | |
| 32900258 | entropy | a measure of the disorder of a system | |
| 32900259 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | |
| 32900260 | free energy | energy that is available to do work | |
| 32900261 | exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. | |
| 32900262 | endergonic reaction | A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | |
| 32900263 | open system | matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings | |
| 32900264 | closed system | A systerm that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings. | |
| 32900265 | energy coupling | energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions | |
| 32900266 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds | |
| 32900267 | phosphorylated | A molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group. | |
| 32900268 | catalyst | a substance that causes or hastens a chemical reaction; any agent that causes change | |
| 32900269 | enzyme | any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions | |
| 32900270 | free energy of activation | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called activation energy. | |
| 32900271 | activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction | |
| 32900272 | substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction | |
| 32900273 | enzyme substrate complex | a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules | |
| 32900274 | active site | the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs | |
| 32900275 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. | |
| 32900276 | cofactors | nonprotein helpers needed by enzymes | |
| 32900277 | competitive inhibitors | Bind to the active site of an enzyme, blocking the substrate | |
| 32900278 | coenzyme | a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes | |
| 32900279 | noncompetitive inhibitors | Bind to some other site, changing the shape and making the active site less effective | |
| 32900280 | coenzyme | a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes | |
| 32900281 | competitive inhibitores | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. | |
| 32900282 | allosteric regulation | the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site | |
| 32900283 | cooperativity | A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity | |
| 32900284 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
