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| 6471949552 | evolution | change in populations; change in biochemical, physical, or behavioral characteristics in a population over time | 0 | |
| 6471957115 | population | organisms of one species in one place. Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; basically a species in a place. | 1 | |
| 6471964473 | the theory of evolution | This explains how populations change. It doesn't explain the origins of life, it just explains how life on earth changes. | 2 | |
| 6471968046 | Lamarck's theory | This theory explains how a species changed. The scientist hypothesized that acquired traits were passed on to offspring not based on genes but rather based on the behavior. For example, if a giraffe wanted to eat the leaves of some tree, he would just stretch his neck until he could reach his food. Obviously debunked later on thanks to Darwin. |  | 3 |
| 6472011313 | Knew that.... -Natural variation occurs -There was competition between populations for resources -Humans can artificially breed animals (those damn pigeons) in order to get desired features | What did Darwin know? | 4 | |
| 6472020224 | natural selection | Theory that explains how living things change. What we believe today. A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 5 | |
| 6472032858 | 1. Must be natural variation in a population 2. Competition within a population 3. Limited resources that lead to differential reproductive success | In order for natural selection to occur what must happen? | 6 | |
| 6472044662 | There must be differential reproductive success because of heritable variants; everyone has ancestors, but not everyone has descendants. Basically, parents who survive can pass their variation/traits to offspring, but the characteristics must prove to be advantageous in the environment if these traits wished to be passed down to future descendants. | What's the key to natural selection? | 7 | |
| 6472080459 | descent with modification | Darwin's biggest idea. Believed that we all have 1 common ancestor, but each descendant has variation/modification over time. These variations are due to environmental changes and some variations fare better than others - environment 'selects' best variations. | 8 | |
| 6472097314 | evolutionary fitness | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other members of the population. If an organism survives to have babies that carry its genes. | 9 | |
| 6472116012 | -*Microevolution*: variation in populations that doesn't create an entirely new species, such as bacteria resistant to antibiotics or weeds with resistance to pesticides. -*Homologous structures*: evidence for common ancestry. Body parts or physical structures on organisms that are similar even if their function is different. Ex: carpal bones in humans, whales, dogs, and bats. Almost same exact bone orientation and structure which is similar enough to suggest common ancestry. -*Pangea*: biogeographical evidence; separate continents were once one land mass and then separated, leading to similar organisms separating into different environments selected for different variations in different places. Shows the geographical distribution of species -*Analogous structures*: NOT evidence for common ancestry. Shows evidence for convergent evolution (the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages; distantly related organisms resemble one another because similar environments favor similar characteristics). The analogous structures have nothing to do with common ancestry but rather shows that over time different organisms may share similar traits that fare better in environments (like penguins and sharks having fins to swim). -*Vestigial Structures*: remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors but have marginal importance to the current organism -Fossils: show the changes from past organisms to current organisms and the families they belong to document the origin of major new groups of organisms -Embyro development | Evidence for natural selection? | 10 | |
| 6472124529 | homologous structures | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions. |  | 11 |
| 6472142384 | convergent evolution | Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species. Evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when unrelated species occupy similar environments |  | 12 |
| 6472162706 | vestigial structures | Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species. Like your spleen or tailbone (coccyx). | 13 | |
| 6472174675 | evolutionary developmental biology | The studying of the evolution of developmental processes in organisms. Genetic basis of development cell signaling and regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. | 14 | |
| 6472192844 | 1. Cleavage: rapid cell division without a lot of growth 2. Differentiation: different genes being expressed in different cells 3. Morphogenesis: development of body parts and cells move around (past each other, fold into each other, etc.) ----In animals, morphogenesis stops when you're done growing ----In plants, morphogenesis doesn't technically stop because they have the ability to regenerate limbs | Describe steps of developmental biology. | 15 | |
| 6472203279 | differentiation | This process control gene expression. Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function. IT STARTS IN THE EGG. | 16 | |
| 6472265070 | maternal control | When all of the cytoplasm of an egg cell comes from the mom because only the nucleus from the sperm cell is injected into an egg cell. The cell divides and then you get a bunch of cells with different mRNA and proteins in the cytoplasm, but all with the same DNA (Genetically identical but not identical cytoplasm-wise). This allows to cell to be preset up for differentiation - setup of cytoplasm is determined by mom. | 17 | |
| 6472293868 | Determination | Molecular event that leads to differentiation. Production of tissue-specific proteins that are activators or repressors that cause this. This happens differently in different cells - the proteins are involved in the transcription of the gene. | 18 | |
| 6477743188 | speciation | Term where over many generations a part of the population can branch off and become a new species. | 19 | |
| 6477756769 | morphogenesis | The process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells occupy their appropriate locations. Development of body parts and cells move around (past each other, fold into each other, etc.). | 20 | |
| 6477768738 | Master Control Gene | This gene is turned on by maternal control genes, and there are different types of these genes in different cells. These genes code for transcription factors that activate some genes and block some others. It triggers the expression of all the genes it needs to be that type of cell. | 21 | |
| 6477778947 | Gastrulation | hollow ball with a pushed-in area (example with the balloon) and the open area is called a blastopore. The blastopore becomes a mouth or anus as the embryo develops. The outer part of the ball of cells (ectoderm) becomes skin and stuff, then the middle becomes muscles and stuff, and the inner part (endoderm) becomes organs. The stage when embryonic tissue layers begin to form (three layers specifically). |  | 22 |
| 6477806588 | Maternal Effect Gene | When the mRNA in egg cell from "egg polarity gene" sets up axes for a head and tail. The control of the "egg polarity gene" comes from mom. Genes of the mother that encode for cytoplasmic determinants (maternal gene products) that initially regulate development in the embryo. They help establish the body-axes (anterior-posterior) of Drosophila. A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring's genotype; maternal effect genes, also called egg-polarity genes, were first identified in Drosophila melanogaster | 23 | |
| 6477810572 | Bicoid Mutation | mutation in mom that causes bad distribution of mRNA. In normal conditions, this should be distributed at one end of cytoplasm, but if you mutate the gene, it's distributed among the cytoplasm; causes 2 butts and no head | 24 | |
| 6477830726 | Induction | Process in which the maternal genes and the cytoplasms are different. Contact with surface-cell. The cells release signals → triggers signal proteins within the cell → genes are activated with transcription factors. The process by which neighboring cells can influence the determination (and subsequent differentiation) of a cell. | 25 | |
| 6477847004 | apoptosis | A crucial part of embryonic development. Programmed cell death at certain stages of development because some cells just gotta go :/ An example of this is the apoptosis of cells in your hand during embryonic development. Your fingers separate because cells between fingers died. | 26 | |
| 6477870878 | Homeotic Genes | These are genes that produce transcription factors that influence other genes | 27 | |
| 6477893878 | single cell (zygote) → cell division (cleavage), homeotic gene sequences→ differentiation → morphogenesis (development of body, apoptosis) | What is the general pattern of embryonic development | 28 | |
| 6478067547 | Homeobox Sequences | These sequences are located in HOX genes and they produce transcription factors to influence other genes. These sequences in the HOX gene code for proteins that are on and off switches for DNA. The switches that are coded for are conserved throughout a species, which accounts for similarities within a species The differences within a species are because they genes being turned on/off by the switches are different. | 29 | |
| 6478101768 | -HOX genes have different locations on a chromosome because of: -----crossing over -----transposable elements -----deletions/duplications/incorrect pairings -----exon shuffling However, all these sequences are the same on every living thing, suggesting common ancestry | How can homeobox sequences be evidence for common ancestry? | 30 | |
| 6478125248 | -Crossing over -Transposable elements -Deletions/duplications/incorrect pairings -Exon shuffling | How do HOX genes have different locations on a chromosome? | 31 | |
| 6478160896 | Transposons | These play an important part in variations in species. They are one reason that there can be multiple copies of genes on multiple chromosomes. They also play an important part in mutations, because once we have multiple copies of genes in multiple places, there's potential for mutation independent of the copy-paste. | 32 | |
| 6478191733 | -The population is large -There are no mutations -Mating is random (no sexual selection) -There is no gene flow (emmigration or immigration) -There is no natural selection *essentially an unchanging environment* | What are the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation? | 33 | |
| 6478256533 | -mutations -duplications/transpositions -sexual reproduction ---independent assortment ---crossing over ---random fertilization -Turn on/off gene switches -Changes in homeotic genes; genes turned on for longer periods of time | Sources of variation? | 34 | |
| 6478276986 | gene pool | total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time (sum of all alleles in a population) | 35 | |
| 6478301471 | genetic drift | This term describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next; a sudden shift in allele frequencies because of random events which leads to reduced genetic variation from the original gene pool to the new gene pool. Results in a smaller population with reduced variation/loss of alleles. This is more significant in small populations, as it tends to alter allele frequencies substantially more than larger populations. | 36 | |
| 6478342571 | Bottleneck Effect | a drastic change in environment that drastically reduces the population size. Usually something like a natural disaster. This greatly reduces genetic variation because not all of the phenotypes are expressed in the surviving population. Example: human predation on cheetahs |  | 37 |
| 6478352715 | founder effect | occurs when a few individuals/small group become isolated from a larger population. Greatly reduces genetic variation, as well. Can account for the relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders among isolated human populations. Example: if our class went to mars there would only be smart, good looking people there because that's the phenotype of our class | 38 | |
| 6478386217 | gene flow | Individuals bringing in or taking out alleles Examples: Immigration or emigration | 39 | |
| 6480972699 | Allopatric speciation | type of speciation. When 2 populations of one species become physically separated and result in 2 different species. 2 different environments select for 2 different species |  | 40 |
| 6480977766 | Sympatric speciation | When a new species arises from 1 population without any physical barrier. Appearance of new ecological niches. Ex: 2 fish that are different colors begin to mate only with fish of their color. |  | 41 |
| 6480983505 | directional selection | One extreme trait is selected for; individuals at one end are selected for and the ones at the other end are selected against. Ex: only elephants with long trunks can reach the food on the trees so elephants with short trunks die off and don't reproduce |  | 42 |
| 6480987641 | Stabilizing selection | The selection for the average individual; natural selection favors the middle traits. Ex: the medium colored mice fit in well and the really dark and really light ones die |  | 43 |
| 6480992423 | disruptive selection | The selection in favor of the extremes and against the middle. Ex: light mice can survive on the sand and dark mice can survive on the rocks, but medium colored mice don't blend in anywhere and are selected against. |  | 44 |
| 6480998046 | Sexual Selection | when mating is not random; natural selection for mating success. Results in sexual dimorphism | 45 | |
| 6480999311 | sexual dimorphism | Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. For example, humans are slightly dimorphic for body size, with males being taller, on average, than females of the same population. | 46 | |
| 6481004019 | intrasexual selection | A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males) for mates of the opposite sex. Example: a lion pride |  | 47 |
| 6481007600 | intersexual selection | Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice. This makes males very flamboyant (peacocks!!!) |  | 48 |
| 6481020282 | Neutral variation | a trait that doesn't have any selective advantage (eye color). Genetic variation that does not appear to provide a selective advantage or disadvantage. |  | 49 |
| 6481024559 | Balancing selection | Natural selection that maintains multiple phenotypes. Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population. | 50 | |
| 6481029291 | Heterozygote advantage | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. Example: heterozygotes for sickle cell disease and malaria (heterozygotes for sickle cell have a higher resistance to malaria.) | 51 | |
| 6481037965 | Microevolution | the level of species and populations, one gene pool. Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. | 52 | |
| 6481042633 | Macroevolution | evolution of groups of species over very long periods of time. Evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups | 53 | |
| 6481048039 | Adaptive radiation | A group of organisms dispersed onto different islands with different environments that select for different traits. The emergence of numerous species from one common ancestor introduced into an environment. Example: Galapagos and the different islands. |  | 54 |
| 6481059202 | 1. Morphological - defines a species based on structural features 2. Paleontological - focuses species known only from the fossil record 3. Ecological - views a species in terms of its ecological niche 4. Phylogenetic - set of organisms with a unique genetic history 5. Biological species | List and describe ways to determine a species | 55 | |
| 6481064104 | biological species | Definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations. | 56 | |
| 6481075025 | reproductive isolation | the way to get speciation. Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 57 | |
| 6481079014 | prezygotic factors | Factors that prevent egg from meeting sperm, and thus fertilization. Some examples are: Habitual - two different places/habitats Temporal - nocturnal vs. diurnal (opposite potential mates awake during different times) Behavioral - mating ritual (if different, then they won't mate) Mechanical - parts don't fit :((((( Gametic - sperm without the enzymes necessary to penetrate the egg | 58 | |
| 6481087773 | Postzygotic factors | Factors in which egg can meet sperm, but it doesn't produce a new species because: -No hybrid viability: the offspring cannot survive -Infertile hybrid: hybrid can survive but cannot reproduce -Hybrid breakdown: hybrid can survive and reproduce, but their offspring cannot reproduce | 59 | |
| 6481091670 | infertile hybrid | hybrid can survive but cannot reproduce | 60 | |
| 6481093145 | hybrid breakdown | hybrid can survive and reproduce, but their offspring cannot reproduce. | 61 | |
| 6481099048 | transpositions | Multiple copies of a gene that then mutate independently of one another and lead to significant phenotypic change. | 62 | |
| 6481132983 | Taxonomy | ordered division of organisms into categories based on characteristics used to assess similarities and differences (discovered by Carolus Linnaeus) | 63 | |
| 6481132984 | phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species; the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms | 64 | |
| 6481140014 | Kingdoms → phyla → classes → orders → families → genus → species | How is an organism classified? (most broad to most specific) | 65 | |
| 6481148257 | Evolutionary Trees | -The first step to building trees is starting with who's older, so fossils are a good tool -Fossils are great because they tell us who lived when based on how far down they are, but there are some problems with this Problems: not everything becomes a fossil (because somethings get eaten when they die), but also earthquakes and tectonic plates shift the order of the sediment layers that fossils are in. -A way of showing evolutionary links between organisms |  | 66 |
| 6481155334 | Clade | group of species of ancestors and ALL of its descendants |  | 67 |
| 6481157074 | Cladistics | study of clades and figuring out the order of ancestors and descendants | 68 | |
| 6481165197 | frequency-dependent | A decline in the reproductive success of individuals that have a phenotype that has become too common in a population. Results in 'flip-flop' of genetic variation. | 69 | |
| 6481170605 | FALSE: Natural selection only favors traits that work. Natural selections works with the traits it has; it can't just come up with some 'perfect trait' lolz | True or false: The goal of natural selection is to reach perfection | 70 | |
| 6481181244 | heterochrony | Change in the rate or timing of a developmental event ; an organism's shape depends on relative growth rate of body parts. This can lead to a significant change on body and its shape. | 71 | |
| 6481185186 | pedomorphosis | The rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development. So an organism might be mature but looks like a kiddo. |  | 72 |
| 6481202093 | shared primitive character | characteristic shared among everyone in the tree | 73 | |
| 6481203986 | Shared derived character | not shared with everyone in the group (branch of the tree) | 74 | |
| 6481212334 | True: -Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry -Analogous structures is similar due to convergent evolution | True or false: -Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry -Analogous structures is similar due to convergent evolution | 75 | |
| 6481214210 | True: Rapid reproduction can increase mutation rate | True or false: Rapid reproduction can increase mutation rate | 76 |
