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| 6737966179 | non-competitive inhibitor | 1. Binds to an enzyme allosterically (i.e. not in the active site) and causes a conformational change that prevents substrate binding. 2. Will reduce reaction rate because substrate binding will be reduced. 3. The effect will usually be independent of substrate concentration so that maximum rate achievable will be reduced. | 0 | |
| 6737966180 | competitive inhibitor | 1. Binds to active site of enzyme. 2. Competes with substrate for binding to enzyme reducing initial rate of reaction. 3. Can be out-competed at high substrate concentrations so that maximum rate can be achieved at high concentrations of substrate | 1 | |
| 6738046028 | Protein | One of four macromolecules comprised of amino acids connected by peptide bonds | 2 | |
| 6738050363 | Primary protein structure | Simple amino acid sequence-properties of the amino acids will dictate secondary structure | 3 | |
| 6738054100 | Secondary protein structure | Folding of a protein dictated by Intramolecular interactions of amino acids-often forming alpha helices (hydrophobic amino acids tend to do this) or beta-sheets (large amino acid like tyrosines and tryptophan) often contribute to these. | 4 | |
| 6738118584 | Tertiary Protein structure | 3-dimensional folding of a protein due to intramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds, salt bridges (ionic bonds), hydrophobic interactions and dipole-dipole, disulphide bonds, etc. | 5 | |
| 6738143564 | Quaternary Protein structure | Multimers of proteins, proteins with subunits organize a final functional protein | 6 | |
| 6738159110 | allele | single copy of a gene (from one or the other parent) | 7 | |
| 6738162447 | genotype | Genetic make up of an individual with respect to a single gene, can be homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive | 8 | |
| 6738169034 | phenotype | The outward appearance resulting from a genotype (e.g. blue eyes, brown hair). With respect to a disease, sometimes there is no outward manifestation until a certain environmental condition is met, such as people who are homozygous for a certain type of cancer. | 9 | |
| 6738186823 | Recessive allele | The allele encoding a gene product that does not overwhelm the gene product made from the other allele. It does not mean that the gene isn't expressed or that it is mutant. | 10 | |
| 6738289479 | Enzyme | Molecule (usually protein) that catalyses a reaction (i.e. speeds up a reaction). Contains an active site for binding substrate. | 11 | |
| 6738544733 | Denature | Disrupt structure of a protein or other macromolecule such that its function is destroyed--usually by heat or acidity | 12 | |
| 6738730637 | antigen | a foreign substance that induces an immune response (like a peptide from a foreign protein induces antibody production) | 13 | |
| 6738759767 | primary (immune) response | the initial response to an antigen, usually after a lag phase of several days--can lead to activation of B-cells and production of antibodies | 14 | |
| 6738782353 | Secondary (immune) response | The response when an animal encounters the antigen again | 15 | |
| 6739278147 | action potential | a change in the membrane potential that produces a nerve impulse. Typically an action potential changes the charge on the inner surface of a neuron membrane from negative to positive | 16 | |
| 6739469864 | membrane potential | The difference in voltage (electrical potential) between the inside and outside of a cell membrane | 17 | |
| 6739484706 | resting potential | The membrane potential in a resting neuron (usually around -65-70mV). This is maintained by the Na-K pump that pumps two K+ in for every 3Na+ out, resulting in a net negative charge inside. | 18 | |
| 6739501253 | depolarization | First phase of an action potential in which an increase in charge upon receiving a signal causes voltage gated Na gates to open and Na flows in along its gradient. | 19 | |
| 6739532698 | repolarization | After the threshold potential has been achieved, Na gates close and K gates open. K+ flows out along its gradient and membrane potential decreases again. | 20 | |
| 6739545426 | refractory period | period of time after an action potential when voltage gated Na channels cannot open so the membrane is refractory to a second signal-only a few second long; Na/K exchange helps restore resting potential | 21 | |
| 6739551722 | hyperpolarization | membrane potential below resting potential after a stimulus, making it hard to achieve a threshold potential | 22 | |
| 6739984828 | signal transduction | process by which a factor, such as a hormone, neurotransmitter, growth factor, etc binds a receptor and transmits a signal within a cell. | 23 | |
| 6739992342 | facilitated diffusion | Passive transport process (doesn't require ATP) in which molecules move across a membrane through a channel along their gradient. This usually occurs with molecules that are too big to diffuse across a lipid bilayer without having a protein channel assist them. | 24 | |
| 6740026309 | active transport | ATP/energy-requiring process by which molecules are transported against their concentration gradient. This is often important in maintaining a gradient for passive transport processes. | 25 | |
| 6740041256 | Diffusion | movement of a molecule along its concentration gradient | 26 | |
| 6740043009 | photosynthesis | process by which glucose is created from CO2 and Water by harvesting energy from the sun. Oxygen is given off as waste. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 27 | |
| 6754339229 | cellular respiration | Overall aerobic process [C6H12O6+6O2--> 6H2O+6CO2+ATP] by which glucose is broken down into CO2 and H2O to generate energy in the form of ATP. The process involves an anaerobic phase (glycolysis) followed by the oxidation of Acetyl coA which results in transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain to phosphorylate ADP in the final step. | 28 | |
| 6754407627 | Fermentation | Anaerobic metabolism carried out by both aerobic organisms (in the absence of oxygen) and anaerobes (such as bacteria and yeast) to create alcohol and acids from sugar. In animal muscles deprived of oxygen, lactic acid is the product of this pathway. | 29 | |
| 6754433320 | Lactic acid fermentation | Process that occurs in muscles when intense exercise or exercise in the absence of sufficient oxygen results in generation of more pyruvate via glycolysis than the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle can handle. It is converted into Lactic Acid which when it accumulates is ionized in the blood to lactate. It can eventually lead to acidosis, lowering the pH of the blood which is limiting to activity, and eventually life, in most organisms. | 30 | |
| 6754537215 | What happens in an enzymatic cascade when an enzyme in the middle is inhibited (e.g. A--> B--> C--> D catalyzed by E1, E2, E3)? | The product that serves as a substrate for the missing enzyme will accumulate. All products after the inhibited enzyme will not form or their formation will be reduced. | 31 | |
| 6754776678 | REDOX reaction | Chemical reaction in which electrons are donated by a reducing agent and accepted by an oxidizing agent. As a result the oxidizing agent is reduced because it gains elections so its charge is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized because it loses electrons. | 32 | |
| 6754835043 | Oxidizing agent | A molecule that has unstable electrons (unpaired electrons in the outer shell that it wants to lose). It is an electron donor. | 33 | |
| 6754842018 | Reducing agent | A molecule that has unpaired electors in its outer shell that it wants to fill. It is an electron acceptor. | 34 | |
| 6755762972 | Hardy Weinberg equilibrium | An artificially created scenario that serves as a null hypothesis or negative control for studies in evolution, that states that, for any gene, the sum of dominant and negative alleles in a gene pool is always 1. For this to remain true over generations, there would have to be no change occurring. | 35 | |
| 6755833532 | What are the conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium to be an actual predictor for the next generation? | A non-evolving population meaning: No mutations, No natural selection, No immigration, No emigration, No selective mating. | 36 | |
| 6755847396 | Reproductive isolation | Barriers that impede members of two different species from producing fertile offspring. | 37 | |
| 6755851669 | Types of pre zygotic reproductive isolation | Mechanisms that prevent actual mating of species: geographic (living in different communities separated by a physical barrier), behavioral (different mating rituals), temporal (mating at different times); sexual organs don't fit; egg prevents entry of sperm from other species | 38 | |
| 6755872699 | Types of post-zygotic reproductive isolation | infertile offspring, nonviable offspring, decreased fitness of offspring | 39 | |
| 6755894156 | Gene | a region of DNA encoding a specific protein | 40 | |
| 6755895669 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Consists of Phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose (sugar). Serves as the genetic information that makes up the chromosome | 41 | |
| 6755916519 | Chromosome | Each chromosome consists of one very long double stranded DNA molecule, comprised of thousands of genes, and associated histone proteins. Each organism has one chromosome from each parent and, thus, two copies of each gene. | 42 | |
| 6755929149 | Mitochondria | ATP production center of the cell: An organelle wth and outer and inner membrane, that houses the enzymes involved in the KREBS cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation--necessary for aerobic metabolism. It also contains enzymes needed for certain cholesterol and steroid synthetic reactions as well as DNA and ribosomes encoding extrachromosomal genes. | 43 | |
| 6755949111 | Mitochondrial DNA | DNA that is not part of the nuclear chromatin. Inheritance is all from the mother since sperm inject their nuclear DNA in to the egg upon fertilization but not their mitochondria. | 44 | |
| 6756313037 | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | Portion of ER that is covered with ribosomes synthesizing membrane proteins, secreted proteins and proteins that reside in the ER, Golgi, lysosomes or vesicles. Cargo is packaged into vesicles and sent to Golgi. | 45 | |
| 6756327403 | Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | Portion of ER that has no ribosomes and contains enzymes important for cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis, transports lipids to Golgi. | 46 | |
| 6756337529 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Highly folded membrane bound organelle involved in packaging and transport of proteins and lipids.Some important modifications like disulphide bonds and glycosylation occur here. | 47 | |
| 6756341148 | Lysosomes | Membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes necessary to digest proteins and other cellular components after they have served their purpose (garbage collector of the cell) | 48 | |
| 6756349426 | Golgi | Membrane bound organelle organized in stacks that receives cargo from ER (at the cis-face), sorts and modifies proteins, separates lysosomal from secreted and membrane proteins | 49 | |
| 6756361947 | Endocytosis | Process by which pieces of the plasma membrane containing receptors and other membrane proteins are pinched off into vesicles and transported into the cell. This process helps to desensitize signaling pathways by removing receptors and also plays a role in retrograde transport membrane back to organelles. | 50 | |
| 6756372928 | nucleus | center of eukaryotic cell, contains DNA, ribosomal subunits, nucleosomes. visible only in interphase as nuclear membrane breaks down during mitosis | 51 | |
| 6756377939 | Cell cycle | series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. Consists of G1, S, G2, Mitosis+Cytokinesis | 52 | |
| 6756382613 | Phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | 53 | |
| 6756387553 | Events during prophase | The nuclear envelope disappears. Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers grow from the centrioles. Centrioles are pouches apart. | 54 | |
| 6756388930 | Events during metaphase | Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate due to elongation of microtubules | 55 | |
| 6756393284 | Events during anaphase | Begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell | 56 | |
| 6756405999 | telophase | Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleus becomes visible in each daughter cell | 57 | |
| 6756409069 | cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 58 | |
| 6756411819 | Mitosis | Often referred to as cell division but technically it is the process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells | 59 | |
| 6756415569 | Meiosis | A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells | 60 | |
| 6756417859 | Homologous recombination | Exchange of genetic information between homologous DNA molecules during meiosis, contributes to genetic variability | 61 | |
| 6756426010 | What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration | It is the final electron acceptor in the ETC leading to the opening of the channel in the ATP Synthase and the generation of ATP, thus the term OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. | 62 | |
| 6756432694 | What happens if oxygen is limited during cellular respiration | Glycolysis products build up and pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which eventually enters the capillaries lowering blood pH | 63 | |
| 6756439166 | chloroplast | membrane bound organelle found in plants where photosynthesis takes place | 64 | |
| 6756442363 | Angiosperm | A subset of vascular plants-Flowering plants | 65 | |
| 6756444539 | gymnosperm | A subset of vascular plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones | 66 | |
| 6756449285 | Bryophytes | A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. | 67 | |
| 6756453949 | Transpiration | Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant--provides the driving force to bring water up from the roots because it creates a pressure gradient | 68 | |
| 6756457306 | stomata | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas (CO2) and water exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. Mostly found on the underside of leaves. | 69 | |
| 6756462371 | Hypothesis | A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon. It is NOT just an observation. | 70 | |
| 6756467058 | Dependent variable | The thing you are measuring in an experiment. It depends on what ever you , the experimenter, is manipulating | 71 | |
| 6756469415 | Independent variable | The thing you, the experimenter, are varying to test a hypothesis. | 72 | |
| 6756471923 | Control | An experimental set in which you have not added the independent variable. usually it is as similar to your experimental set up as possible; if your independent variable is a chemical dissolved in a solvent, then your control should be solvent alone. | 73 | |
| 6756480609 | solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances | 74 | |
| 6756482739 | symbiosis | A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. | 75 | |
| 6756484415 | mutualism | A relationship in which both species benefit | 76 | |
| 6756485532 | parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed | 77 | |
| 6756486828 | commensalism | A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected | 78 | |
| 6756486852 | interspecific interaction | A relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community. | 79 | |
| 6756488147 | Keystone species | A species that is not necessarily abundant, but exerts a strong control on community structure due to a pivotal ecological role. | 80 | |
| 6756494100 | food web | A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains | 81 | |
| 6756494101 | food chain | A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy, usually indicated with the arrow pointed at the species that is doing the eating | 82 | |
| 6756498560 | niche | An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living--often used to refer to the small place within its ecosystem where it can survive without competition for resources. Think of it as the place it's most comfortable and the roles it fills in that comfort zone. | 83 | |
| 6756503569 | realized niche | The part of its fundamental niche that a species occupies, where it can eat, carry out its functions and reproduce without being out-competed, killed or otherwise threatened | 84 | |
| 6756509823 | fundamental niche | Theoretical role and place that an organism can occupy if no limiting factors (like competitors) exist | 85 | |
| 6760924052 | codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. | 86 | |
| 6760926928 | promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA on a specific gene. | 87 | |
| 6760930120 | enhancer element | gene regulatory elements localized away from the core promoter | 88 | |
| 6760936357 | mechanisms of gene regulation | Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can control gene expression at the levels of transcription, translation, and post-translation. Most common is at the level of transcription by activating transcription factors | 89 | |
| 6760944564 | transcription | DNA to RNA, catalyzed by RNA Polymerase | 90 | |
| 6760947114 | translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced | 91 | |
| 6760951025 | tRNA | Transfer RNA-An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA | 92 | |
| 6760956249 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 93 | |
| 6774034388 | ribosome | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. |  | 94 |
| 6774083948 | prokaryote | a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria. | 95 | |
| 6774090664 | Eukaryote | an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria. | 96 | |
| 6774138141 | cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae). | 97 | |
| 6774144227 | eubacteria | A kingdom that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria; cell walls are made of peptidoglycan | 98 | |
| 6774153682 | 6 Kingdoms (there were once only 5) | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia | 99 | |
| 6778585752 | genetic drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. Happens more commonly in small populations. | 100 | |
| 6778592054 | Founders effect | genetic drift that ccurs when a few numbers of a population colonize an isolated location; the smaller the number of individuals, the more limited the variability. | 101 | |
| 6778595185 | Bottleneck effect | Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population--but NOT because they were genetically predisposing the disaster--just a random elimination of people ended up altering the gene pool. | 102 | |
| 6778598454 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Since inherited traits are the result of proteins expressed by specific genes, then mutations can confer fitness and thus be selected for. | 103 | |
| 6778621783 | mutation | A random error in the DNA sequence, acquired during replication or as a result of DNA damage | 104 | |
| 6778600874 | population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area | 105 | |
| 6778632429 | autosomal trait | A trait encoded by a gene found in the non-sex chromosomes. There is an equal chance of males or females inheriting an autosomal mutation from either parent. | 106 | |
| 6778637159 | sex-linked trait | A trait encoded by a gene found on the x chromosome (female sex chromosome). Since women are XX and men are XY, a trait found on the X chromosome a male can only inherit this trait from his mother. If it is a recessive trait, and it is disproportionately found in male offspring, it is most likely sex-linked. Imagine XaXA crossed with XAY--Any boy will be either XaY or XAY-a 50% chance of having the recessive trait but there is 0% chance of the female having the recessive trait-she will be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous. | 107 | |
| 6778661840 | Somatic mutation | Takes place in a body cell, can affect the organism, not passed on to the offspring | 108 | |
| 6778663231 | gametic mutation | A mutation in the sex cells. This is inherited. | 109 | |
| 6778664757 | Ligand gated channel | cell membrane ion channel operated by the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins; the ligand is often a chemical messenger | 110 | |
| 6778666106 | Voltage gated ion channel | specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential | 111 | |
| 6778667818 | Symporter | A carrier protein that transports two molecules across the plasma membrane in the same direction. For example, the Na+-glucose cotransporter in intestinal cells is a symporter. | 112 | |
| 6778668602 | Transporter | protein molecule that pumps substances across a membrane against their gradient, requires energy (usually ATP) | 113 | |
| 6778669473 | Sodium Potassium Transporter | maintains proper concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the cell so that an action potential can take place | 114 |
