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| 12596844968 | Nucleotide |  | 0 | |
| 12596849982 | Central Dogma |  | 1 | |
| 12596854119 | DNA | polymer of nucleotide, forms double helix | 2 | |
| 12596862062 | DNA nitrogen bases | A, T, C, G | 3 | |
| 12596870581 | sugar that makes up RNA | ribose | 4 | |
| 12596873635 | The sugar that makes up DNA is called | deoxyribose | 5 | |
| 12596875881 | RNA | A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages | 6 | |
| 12596877570 | peptide bond | bond formed between amino acids | 7 | |
| 12596909733 | Helicase | unwinds DNA, producing replication fork | 8 | |
| 12596923851 | Okazaki fragments | short fragments of complementary DNA | 9 | |
| 12596935480 | DNA ligase | connects okazaki fragments, that then produce complementary strand | 10 | |
| 12596954857 | lagging strand | DNA strand produced that takes longer to assemble | 11 | |
| 12597010950 | Primase | initiates DNA replication at special nucleotide sequences | 12 | |
| 12597028400 | DNA polymerase | attaches to RNA primers and begins elongation | 13 | |
| 12597032335 | elongation | the adding of DNA nucleotide to the complementary strand | 14 | |
| 12597044884 | RNA primers | short sequences of RNA | 15 | |
| 12597054030 | at the end of DNA replication, RNA primers are replaced with | DNA nucleotides | 16 | |
| 12597071176 | mRNA | a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a polypeptide from an amino acid | 17 | |
| 12597089161 | tRNA | transfer RNA, short RNA molecule responsible for transporting amino acids to their proper place on the mRNA | 18 | |
| 12597171109 | Transcription | initiation, elongation, termination; DNA to mRNA | 19 | |
| 12597173160 | translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced; occurs in ribosome | 20 | |
| 12597200941 | phages (bacteriophages) | viruses that infect bacteria | 21 | |
| 12597217792 | viruses consist of the following structures | nucleic acid, capsid or protein coat, envelope | 22 | |
| 12597233883 | lytic cycle | a virus penetrates the cell membrane of the host cell and uses enzymes of the host cell to produce viral nucleic acids and viral proteins | 23 | |
| 12597250785 | lysogenic cycle | the viral DNA is temporarily incorporated into the DNA of the host cell (provirus) | 24 | |
| 12597275800 | provirus | a virus in a dormant state until triggered | 25 | |
| 12597301052 | reverse transcriptase | enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template | 26 | |
| 12597308762 | Retroviruses | use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA | 27 | |
| 12597318652 | Conjugation | a process of DNA exchange between bacteria | 28 | |
| 12597326129 | plasmids | small circular piece of DNA that may be taken up by bacterial cell | 29 | |
| 12597341803 | transduction | occurs when new DNA is introduced into the genome of bacterium by virus | 30 | |
| 12597349068 | transformation | occurs when bacteria absorb DNA from their surroundings and incorporate it into their genome | 31 | |
| 12597467619 | promoter region | sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase attaches to begin transcription | 32 | |
| 12597498296 | operator region | engaged by a regulatory protein to either block or promote the action of the RNA polymerase | 33 | |
| 12597504156 | structural genes | genes that contain coding DNA | 34 | |
| 12597514204 | repressor gene | blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter region | 35 | |
| 12597526595 | activator proteins | promotes the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter region | 36 | |
| 12597555797 | RNA polymerase | copies DNA sequences into RNA sequence during the process of transcription | 37 | |
| 12597572225 | restriction enzymes | cut DNA at specific sequences | 38 | |
| 12597718320 | binary fission | prokaryotic cell division | 39 | |
| 12597774567 | Introns | useless/junk sequences | 40 | |
| 12597774568 | entrons | nucleotides that code for amino acids | 41 | |
| 12597791410 | how are promoters and activators involved in transcription? | the promoter and activator tell where to start | 42 | |
| 12597802337 | what modifications does RNA undergo inside the nucleus after it is made? | once preRNA is made it has to undergo cap of GTP, tail of 150 A'a added to 3' end, and large chuncks of nucleotides removed | 43 |
