Terms : Hide Images
| 1816090721 | Asexual Reproduction | Example: Bacteria & Protists How they reproduce asexually: Binary Fission - splitting cell into two cells | 0 | |
| 1816090722 | Evolutionary advantages of asexual reproduction | - Rapid & Efficient No genetic diversity is contributed. It is an exact replica of the single parent cell. - Don't need to waste time or energy to find a "mate" | 1 | |
| 1816090723 | How sexual reproduction increases genetic variability | 1) CROSSING OVER One small part of the DNA from one parent is exchanged with DNA from the other parent. The offspring will have DNA from both parents. 2) INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Homologous chromosomes randomly line up on the metaphase plate. This means there is a 50% chance that a particular daughter cell will get a maternal chromosome or a paternal chromosome from the homologous pair. 3) RANDOM FERTILIZATION Because each egg and sperm is different, as a result of independent assortment and crossing over, each combination of egg and sperm is unique. There is a nonspecific gamete selection for the offspring. | 2 | |
| 1816090724 | Cross 1 | Bronze is dominant and red is recessive BECAUSE All F1 /heterozygotes express dominant trait (bronze) | 3 | |
| 1816090725 | Cross 2 | Stunted is dominant and normal is recessive BECAUSE All F1 /heterozygotes express dominant trait (stunted). | 4 | |
| 1816090726 | Cross 3 | They are GENETICALLY LINKED and CROSSING OVER occurred BECAUSE • Not a 1:1:1:1 ratio (as predicted by independent assortment). • Not a 1:1 ratio/two recombinant phenotypes (unexpected). | 5 | |
| 1816090727 | How a single base-pair mutant in DNA can alter the structure and the function of a protein | Define mutation; change in bases: A, C, G or T. • Mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell. In this case, it is a change in the bases A, C, G or T of DNA. Describe altered protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. • The four levels of protein structure would be altered or denatured. PRIMARY STRUCTURE is supposed to have a unique sequence of amino acids joining. In SECONDARY STRUCTURE, a three dimensional shape, either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet are supposed to result from hydrogen bonding. TERTIARY STRUCTURE is supposed to result in a complex globular shape. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE is supposed to have an association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein. Protein shape is crucial to protein structure. | 6 | |
| 1816090728 | Potential consequences of the production of a mutant protein to the structure and function of the cells of an organism | When a protein does not fold properly, its function is changed. This can be the result of a single amino acid substitution, such as that seen in the abnormal hemoglobin typical of sickle cell disease. | 7 | |
| 1816090729 | Describe how the frequency of an allele coding for a mutant protein may increase in a population over time. | More born than will survive, variations in individuals, variations in gene pool, sexual selection, adaptations to environment--->differential reproductive success. It can be passed on from one generation to the next. | 8 | |
| 1816090730 | FOUR organelles that should be present in eukaryotic organism | RIBOSOMES - site of protein synthesis MITOCHONDRIA - ATP synthesis NUCLEUS - contains heredity information/DNA GOLGI BODIES - protein modification | 9 | |
| 1816090731 | How prokaryotic organisms carry out functions of organelles in eukaryotic organisms | *RIBOSOMES - site of protein synthesis MITOCHONDRIA - other membranes or molecules in the cytosol function in ATP synthesis NUCLEUS - heredity information/DNA is located in cytosol | 10 | |
| 1816090732 | Describe THREE observations that support the endosymbiotic theory | • Mitochondria contain their own DNA. • Chloroplasts contain their own DNA. • Mitochondria can self-replicate. • Chloroplasts can self-replicate. • Mitochondrial chromosomes are circular. • Chloroplast chromosomes are circular. | 11 | |
| 1816090733 | Interphase | G1 & G2: Cell growth S: DNA replication | 12 | |
| 1816090734 | Prophase | Chromosomes begin to condense from chromatin; spindle apparatus assembled. | 13 | |
| 1816090735 | Metaphase | Chromosomes reach maximum condensation and align on metaphase plate/plane. | 14 | |
| 1816090736 | Telophase | Chromosomes disperse back to chromatin form, nuclear envelope reassembles, nucleoli reassemble. | 15 | |
| 1816090737 | Anaphase | Two-chromatid chromosomes split into two daughter (one-chromatid) chromosomes; chromosomes move to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. | 16 | |
| 1816090738 | Cytokinesis | If this occurs, it is normally coordinated with telophase; cell division. | 17 | |
| 1816090739 | Kinetochores | Located in centromeres of condensed chromosomes; microtubule attachment sites necessary for chromosome positioning and movement. | 18 | |
| 1816090740 | Microtubules | Fundamental structural element of the spindle apparatus; framework on which chromosome motility is generated; define axis of division and cytokinesis. | 19 | |
| 1816090741 | **Actin filaments | Assemble under the membrane at the cytokinesis site; interact with myosin motor proteins to generate force to pinch cell in two -also interact with astral microtubules of the spindle to position the spindle apparatus in the cell. | 20 | |
| 1816090742 | How the cell cycle is regulated: | Cell Cycle Control System: G1 phase checkpoint: Most important because if it gets the go-ahead signal it will most likely complete the entire cell cycle division. If it does not get the go-ahead signal, it enters a non dividing phase called the G0 phase. The "go-ahead signal" is a CDK which is a protein enzyme that are active only when they are connected to cyclin proteins. | 21 | |
| 1816090743 | Abnormal cell cycle regulation | -Apoptosis, which is programmed cell death. -It is a timely suicide of cells. -Neighboring cells quickly engulf and digest the membrane-bounded remains of the cell, leaving no trace. | 22 | |
| 1816090744 | THREE properties of water | High Heat Capacity - heat absorption without temperature change Adhesion - Attraction to other molecules that are polar or have charge Cohesion - Attraction to water molecules due to polar nature of water/surface tension. | 23 | |
| 1816090745 | High Heat Capacity | heat absorption without temperature change | 24 | |
| 1816090746 | Adhesion | Attraction to other molecules that are polar or have charge | 25 | |
| 1816090747 | Cohesion | Attraction to water molecules due to polar nature of water/surface tension. | 26 | |
| 1816090748 | The role of water as a medium for the metabolic processes of cells | Osmosis—movement of water across membranes due to water potential differences Diffusion—allows for movement of materials through an aqueous solution down the concentration gradient | 27 | |
| 1816090749 | Ability of water to moderate temperature within living organisms and in their environments | Specific heat—moderates climates, maintains stable temperature in cells, constant internal environment & Ice forming and acting as insulator for lakes, keeping water in liquid state | 28 | |
| 1816090750 | Water from the roots to the leaves of plants | -Transpiration—moving water away from leaves due to water potential differences/evaporation through stomata -Capillary action of water due to adhesion and cohesion | 29 | |
| 1816090751 | Describe the structure of the ATP or the GTP molecule. | **adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates | 30 | |
| 1816090752 | How chemiosmosis produces ATP | -ATP synthases or channel proteins generate ATP. -H+ pumped to one side of the membrane, photosynthesis—inside thylakoid, respiration—outside cristae -Electron transport, for example, linked to proton pumps, coenzymes, NADH. | 31 | |
| 1816090753 | TWO specific cell processes that require ATP and explain how ATP is used in each process. | TRANSPORT - Active transport or transport against gradient; sodium-potassium pump; endocytosis or exocytosis HOW ATP IS USED: ATP → ADP + P connected to process, e.g., phosphorylating the transport protein MECHANICAL - Muscle, sliding filament; cilia or flagella, propulsion; chromosome movement in mitosis or meiosis HOW ATP IS USED: ATP → ADP + P connected to process or energy coupling, e.g., conformational change in myosin head | 32 | |
| 1816090754 | Trophic levels | 1 - Producer or autotroph 2 - Consumer or herbivore 3 - Consumer **Example: Algae → zooplankton → small fish → shark | 33 | |
| 1816090755 | Why the energy available at the top layer of the pyramid is a small percentage of the energy present at the bottom of the pyramid | Energy transferred due to metabolic activities, heat, work, entropy Mentioning without explaining 10% energy transfer between trophic levels is insufficient | 34 | |
| 1816090756 | Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins | Hydrogen - H-O or H-N interactions α helix, β sheet; secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure Hydrophobic - nonpolar R groups - tertiary or quaternary structure Ionic - charged R groups - tertiary or quaternary structure | 35 | |
| 1816090757 | Structure of a protein effects | Regulation of enzyme activity - Shape change caused by - pH or temperature changes. - Feedback control. Cell signaling - receptor-ligand binding ------Ligand binds specifically to receptor and the receptor structure is altered by binding, transducing signal through membrane. ------Gap junctions: shape of junctions allows for passage of regulatory ions or molecules. | 36 | |
| 1816090758 | Explain the genetic basis of the abnormal hemoglobin | Point mutation in DNA; base substitution leading to a different amino acid in the hemoglobin. • Changing glutamate (glutamic acid) to valine (in β-globin). | 37 | |
| 1816090759 | Why the sickle cell allele is selected for in certain areas of the world | -Sickle cell condition protects against or resists malaria. -Changed hemoglobin leads to oxygen-deprivation minimizing malarial infection. | 38 | |
| 1816090760 | A eukaryotic chromosome | Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to a chromosome): • Describe nucleotides (or later structure in the sequence) → DNA → nucleosomes* → chromosome *around histones (non-DNA) • Describe levels of folding → heterochromatin → condensed chromosome • Describe DNA (or later structure in the sequence) → functional sequences (introns/exons/spacers) → genes → regulatory elements → chromosome Function/Benefit: • Package DNA | 39 | |
| 1816090761 | An inner membrane of a mitochondrion | Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to inner membrane): • Phospholipids and proteins (or component later in sequence)—describe at least one • → organization of proteins (specific respiratory molecules together) → folding → membrane (cristae must be uniquely mitochondrial) Function/Benefit: Electron transport | 40 | |
| 1816090762 | An enzyme | Unit Structure—Organization/Assembly (must demonstrate organization to enzyme): • Amino acid (or component later in the sequence) described Function/Benefit: Lowers activation energy | 41 | |
| 1816090763 | Components of water potential | water potential = pressure potential + solute potential | 42 | |
| 1816090764 | Importance of water potential | - Ensures water moves into plant root - Helps movement of water within plant - Cell wall allows for increased pressure | 43 | |
| 1816090765 | Prediction of water potential | It will gain water/swell Explanation: -Cell is hypertonic to sucrose solution -Sucrose solution is hypotonic to the cell It will lose water/shrivel Explanation: -Cell is hypotonic to sucrose solution -Sucrose solution is hypertonic to the cell | 44 |
