AP Bio Functional Groups Flashcards

For the AP Exam, students should be able to identify the functional groups on sight, and one or two examples of each.

A functional group is a portion of a molecule that is a recognizable/classified group of bound atoms. In organic chemistry it is very common to see molecules comprised mainly of a carbon backbone with functional groups attached to the chain.

The functional group gives the molecule its properties, regardless of what molecule contains it; they are centers of chemical reactivity. The functional groups within a molecule need to be identified when naming.

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7232496165	*Hydroxyl		0
7232496167	*Ketone		1
7232496169	*Aldehyde		2
7334486526	*Carboxyl		3
7325301305	*Sulfhydrl		4
7232496173	*Phosphate		5
7232496171	*Amino		6
7232496176	*Methyl		7
7232496166	Hydroxyl Compounds	alcohols, glycerol, sugars	8
7232496168	Carbonyl Compounds	aldehydes and ketones	9
7232496170	Carboxyl Compounds	organic acids - acetic acid, amino acids, fatty acids; sugars	10
7232496172	amino Compund	amines - amino acids	11
7232496174	Phosphate Compound	organic phosphates- DNA, ATP, phospholipids	12
7232496175	Sulfhydryl Compound	thiols	13
7232496177	Methyl Compound	fatty acids, oils, waxes	14
7232496178	Hydroxyl Compound Ex	ethanol, present in alcoholic beverages	15
7232496179	Carbonyl Compound Ex	propanal-aldehyde; acetone-ketone	16
7232496180	Carboxyl Compound Ex	acetic acid - gives vinegar a sour taste	17
7232496181	Amino Compound Ex	glycine	18
7232496182	Sulfhydral Compound Ex	cysteine	19
7232496183	Phosphate Compound Ex	glycerol phosphate, provides the backbone for phospholipids	20
7232496184	Methyl Compound Ex	methyl cytidine, component of DNA	21
7273304849	hydroxyl	polar, hydrophilic	22
7273306068	carboxyl	polar, hydrophilic, weak acid	23
7273307809	amino	polar, hydrophilic, weak base	24
7273308742	phosphate	polar, hydrophilic, acid	25
7273309432	ketones	polar, hydrophilic; end in -ones	26
7273310630	aldehyde	polar, hydrophilic; end in -aldehyde	27
7273312510	methyl	non-polar, hydrophobic	28
7274034839	carbohydrates	Where are hydroxyl compounds found?	29
7274038368	lipids	Where are carbonyl compounds found?	30
7274038369	proteins	Where are carboxyl compounds found?	31
7274043258	proteins	Where are amino compounds found?	32
7274044771	DNA, RNA, ATP	Where are phosphate compounds found?	33
7326426842	hydroxyls	ends in -ol; alcohols	34
7397829408	methyl group	functional groups that are nonpolar	35
7397832846	carboxyl and phosphate groups	functional groups that are acidic	36
7397876605	amino group	functional groups that are basic	37
7397895465	all but methyl	functional groups that are polar	38