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AP Bio Functional Groups Flashcards

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7453454698hydroxyl group: structure—OH : A hyrdrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule0
7453454699hydroxyl group: compound nameAlcohols - names usually end in "-ol"1
7453454700hydroxyl group: compound exampleEthanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages2
7453454701hydroxyl group: functional propertiesPolar because of oxygen's high electronegativity; attracts water molecules, helping to dissulve organic compounds such as sugars3
7453454702carbonyl group: compound namesketone, if the group is within a carbon skeleton; aldehyde, if the group is at the end of the skeleton4
7453454703carbonyl group: compound examplesacetone, the simplest ketone; propanal, an aldehyde5
7453454704carbonyl group: functional propertiesketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers with different properties6
7453454705carbonyl group: structure>CO : Carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond7
7453454706carboxyl group: structure—COOH : Oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group8
7453454707carboxyl group: compound nameCarboxylic acids - organic acids9
7453454708carboxyl group: compound exampleacetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste10
7453454709carboxyl group: functional propertiesacidic properties because it can give off hydrogen ions; hydrogen ions often dissociate reversibly; found in the ionic form in cells (--------ate group)11
7453454710amino group: structure—NH2 : nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton12
7453454711amino group: compound nameAmines13
7453454712amino group: compound exampleglycine - has carboxyl group as well, and so is an amino acid14
7453454713amino group: functional propertiesacts as a base; can pick up a proton (H+ ion) from the surrounding solution; ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions15
7453454714sulfhydryl group: structure—SH : sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen (resembles a hydroxyl group in shape)16
7453454715sulfhydryl group: compound nameThiols17
7453454716sulfhydryl group: compound exampleethanethiol18
7453454717sulfhydryl group: funtional propertiestwo can interact to help stabilize protein structure19
7453454718phosphate group: structure—OPO3 2- : phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges (ionized form of a phosphoric acid group)20
7453454719phosphate group: compound nameOrganic phosphates21
7453454720phosphate group: compound exampleglycerol phosphate22
7453454721phosphate group: functional propertiesmakes the molecule of which it is a part an anion (negatively charged ion); can transfer energy between organic molecules23

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