ap bio midterm
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| 289942828 | atoms | subatomic particles form these | |
| 289942829 | molecules | atoms form these | |
| 289942830 | organelles | molecules form these | |
| 289942831 | cells | organelles make up these | |
| 289942832 | tissues | similar cells are grouped to form these | |
| 289942833 | organs | tusses coordinate to form these | |
| 289942834 | organ systems | several organs form these | |
| 289942835 | heat | energy is lost in all energy transformations as this | |
| 289942836 | membrane | every cell is enclosed by one of these | |
| 289942837 | selective permeability | the membrane lets only certain molecules through it | |
| 289942838 | eukaryotic | this type of cell is one which has membrane enclosed organelles | |
| 289942839 | prokaryotic | this type of cell is simpler and doesn't have membrane bound organelles | |
| 289942840 | nucleus | the organelle which contains the cell's DNA | |
| 289942841 | chromosomes | the DNA is stored in the nucleus as this | |
| 289942842 | DNA | the heritable material that directs the cell's activities | |
| 289942843 | enzymes | proteins that catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions | |
| 289942844 | RNA | used as the intermediary between DNA and ribosomes | |
| 289942845 | matter | the chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds | |
| 289942846 | proton | the positive subatomic particle in an atom | |
| 289942847 | neutron | the neutral subatomic particle in an atom | |
| 289942848 | electron | the negative subatomic particle in an atom | |
| 289942849 | energy | the ability to do work | |
| 289942850 | potential energy | the energy that matter stores because of its position or location | |
| 289942851 | electron shells | the different states of potential energy that an electon has within the atom | |
| 289942852 | valence electrons | electrons in the valence shell | |
| 289942853 | covalent bond | a bond where two atoms share a pair of valence electrons | |
| 289942854 | polar | when two atoms differ in electronegativity | |
| 289942855 | cations | atoms with positive charges | |
| 289942856 | anions | atoms with negative charges | |
| 289942857 | hydrogen bond | the bond that forms when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom | |
| 289942858 | function | a molecule's shape is related to its what | |
| 289942859 | chemical reaction | a type of reaction where chemical bonds are broken and reformed | |
| 289942860 | water | the molecule that supports all life | |
| 289942861 | polar | when a molecule has its opposite ends with opposite charges | |
| 289942862 | cohesion | the act of hydrogen bonds holding water together | |
| 289942863 | kinetic energy | the energy of motion | |
| 289942864 | specific heat | the amount of energy needed to make a substance's temperature rise by 1 degree celsius | |
| 289942865 | temperature | the average kinetic energy of molecules | |
| 289942866 | heat of vaporization | the amount of energy neneded to evaporate one molecule of a substance | |
| 289942867 | freezes | what happens to water when the molecules aren't moving fast enough to break their hydrogen bonds | |
| 289942868 | aqueous solution | a solutin where water is the solvent | |
| 289942869 | hydration shell | where a dissolved ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules | |
| 289942870 | hydrophilic | a substance that has affinity for water | |
| 289942871 | hydrophobic | a substance that has no affinity for water | |
| 289942872 | mole | the unit used to measure the number of molecules | |
| 289942873 | hydroxide ion | a water molecule that has lost a proton | |
| 289942874 | hydronium ion | a water molecule that has gained a proton | |
| 289942875 | tetrahedral | the shape made when carbon bonds to four other atoms | |
| 289942876 | hydrocarbons | organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms | |
| 289942877 | hydroxyl group | functional group, hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent vond with an oxygen atom, which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton (C-OH) | |
| 289942878 | carbonyl group | functional group, an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond (C=O) | |
| 289942879 | carboxyl group | a funtional group, a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to the oxygen of a hydrogyl group (-COOH) | |
| 289942880 | amino group | functional group, constists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton (-NH2) | |
| 289942881 | sulfhydryl group | functional group, consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the carbon skeleton (-SH) | |
| 289942882 | disulfide bridges | what two sulfydryl groups can form | |
| 289942883 | phosphate group | functional group, pholphorous atom bound to four oxygen atoms (-OPO32-). This group transfers energy between organic molecules | |
| 289942884 | ATP | the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells | |
| 289942885 | monomers | the repeated units which make up polymers | |
| 289942886 | dehydration reaction | covalent bonds form due to the loss of water | |
| 289942887 | hydrolysis | the breaking of covalent bonds by the addition of water molecules | |
| 289942888 | pentoses | five-carbon sugars | |
| 289942889 | cellulose | a major component of the cell walls of plant cells | |
| 289942890 | energy storage | the major function of fats | |
| 289942891 | phospholipids | the fats made from a phosphate group and a fatty acid. They make up much of the cell membrane | |
| 289942892 | cholesterol | an important steroid, a key component in animal cell membranes | |
| 289942893 | amino acids | the monomers from which proteins are constructed | |
| 289942894 | polypeptides | polymers of proteins | |
| 289942895 | R group | the part that is different about each amino acid | |
| 289942896 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between the amino acids of a polypeptide | |
| 289942897 | primary level | the level of protein conformation where there is a chain of amino acids | |
| 289942898 | secondary level | the level of protein conformation where every fourth R groups reacts with itself, alpha helix and beta pleated sheets | |
| 289942899 | tertiary level | the level of protein conformation where all R groups react, forming a glovular or fibrous structure | |
| 289942900 | quaternary structure | the level of protein conformation where two or more polypeptides join to form a protein | |
| 289942901 | denaturation | when an environmental factor affects the shape of the protein, it is called this | |
| 289942902 | chaperone proteins | specific proteins that assist with the folding of other proteins | |
| 289942903 | DNA and RNA | Two types of nucleic acids | |
| 289942904 | electron microscope | the type of microscope used to study the internal structure of cells | |
| 289942905 | nucleoid | where the DNA is kept in prokaryotic cells | |
| 289942906 | cytoplasm | the interior of a prokaryotic cell and the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell | |
| 289942907 | membrane bound organelles | what is absent in prokaryotes | |
| 289942908 | 46 | the amount of chromosomes a typical human cell has | |
| 289942909 | ribosomes | the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis | |
| 289942910 | endoplasmic reticulum | the organelle which accounts for over half the membranes in the eukaryotic cell | |
| 289942911 | transport vesicles | these carry protiens from one part of the cell to another | |
| 289942912 | golgi apparatus | the shipping and recieving center for cell products | |
| 289942913 | lysosome | a membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules | |
| 289942914 | chloroplasts | organelle that converts solar energy to chemical energy | |
| 289942915 | mitochondria | organelle that converts energy into forms the cell can use in an animal cell | |
| 289942916 | cytoskeleton | this provides mechanical support to the cell and maintains the cell's shape | |
| 289942917 | microtubules | these shape and support the cell and serve as tracks to guide motor proteins carrying organelles to their destination | |
| 289942918 | cleavage furrow | this divides the cytoplasm of animal cells during cell division | |
| 289942919 | cell wall | this is found in plant cells, maintains its shape, prevents excessive uptake of water, and supports the plant against gravity | |
| 289942920 | extracellular matrix | animal cells have these instead of a cell wall, an elaborate set of fibroconectins spanning the membrane | |
| 289942921 | plasmodesmata | plant cells have these channels allowing cytosol to pass between cells | |
| 289942922 | fluid mosaic model | how the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes can be shown | |
| 289942923 | integral proteins | proteins which penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane | |
| 289942924 | peripheral proteins | proteins loosely bound to the surface of the membrane | |
| 289942925 | passive transport | the movement of a substance with the concentration gradient | |
| 289942926 | active transport | the movement of a substance against the concentration gradient | |
| 289942927 | aquaporins | transport proteins which only transport water molecules | |
| 289942928 | osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane | |
| 289942929 | isotonic | an environment where there is no net movement into or out of the cell | |
| 289942930 | hypertonic | an environment where there is a net movement of water out of the cell | |
| 289942931 | hypotonic | an environment where there is a net movement of water into a cell | |
| 289942932 | contractile vacuole | the organelle that pumps excess water out of the cell | |
| 289942933 | turgid | a cell state where it is very firm | |
| 289942934 | channel proteins | proteins which provide hydrophilic corridors for the passage of specific molecules or ions | |
| 289942935 | sodium potassium pump | a type of protein which pumps potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell | |
| 289942936 | endocytosis | the process where cells take in macromollecules by forming new vesicles | |
| 289942937 | exocytosis | the process where cells excrete large molecules from the cell | |
| 289942938 | catabolic pathway | reaction where a cell releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones | |
| 289942939 | anabolic pathways | reaction where the cell consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones | |
| 289942940 | free energy | the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system | |
| 289942941 | delta g | the free energy of the system | |
| 289942942 | endergonic | reactions which store energy in molecules | |
| 289942943 | chemical potential energy | the type of energy stored in ATP which drives most cellular work | |
| 289942944 | energy of activation | the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction | |
| 289942945 | substrate | the molecule which binds to the enzyme | |
| 289942946 | denaturation | the changing of the shape of a protein | |
| 289942947 | allosteric regulation | a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site |
