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| 6855113523 | three domains of life |  | 0 | |
| 6855113524 | binary fission | asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. | 1 | |
| 6855113525 | prokaryotes | no true nuclei; DNA is in the nucleoid region; has a single circular chromosome | 2 | |
| 6855113526 | plasmid | small, circular, self-replicating pieces of DNA | 3 | |
| 6855113527 | peptidoglycan | protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid | 4 | |
| 6855113528 | gram-positive bacteria | simpler walls with more peptidoglycans | 5 | |
| 6855113529 | gram-negative bacteria | structurally more complex cell walls | 6 | |
| 6855113530 | pili | appendages that adhere to each other pr surrounding surfaces (bacteria) | 7 | |
| 6855113531 | flagella | structures used for propulsion; helps species move toward or away from certain stimuli | 8 | |
| 6855113532 | structure of prokaryote |  | 9 | |
| 6855113533 | three mechanisms by which bacteria can transfer genetic between each other | transformation, transduction, conjugation | 10 | |
| 6855113534 | transformation | a prokaryote takes up DNA from its environment | 11 | |
| 6855113535 | transduction | viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes | 12 | |
| 6855113536 | conjugation | genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote to another as they are temporarily joined by a "mating bridge" | 13 | |
| 6855113537 | photoautotrophs | photosynthetic; use the power of light to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds | 14 | |
| 6855113538 | chemoautotrophs | use CO2 as their source of carbon and get energy from oxidizing inorganic substances | 15 | |
| 6855113539 | photoheterotrophs | use light to make ATP but must obtain their carbon from an outside source already fixed in organic compounds | 16 | |
| 6855113540 | chemoheterotrophs | get carbon and energy from organic compounds | 17 | |
| 6855113541 | obligate aerobes | cannot grow w/o oxygen; need O for cellular respiration | 18 | |
| 6855113542 | obligate anaerobes | poisoned by oxygen | 19 | |
| 6855113543 | facultative anaerobes | use oxygen if it is available, but undergo fermentation when it is not | 20 | |
| 6855113544 | nitrogen fixation | the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle | 21 | |
| 6855113545 | extremophiles | prokaryotes that live in extreme environments | 22 | |
| 6855113546 | halophiles | live in saline environment | 23 | |
| 6855113547 | thermophiles | live in very hot environment | 24 | |
| 6855113549 | mutualism | both symbiotic organisms benefit | 25 | |
| 6855113550 | commensalism | one organism benefits, while the other in neither helped nor harmed | 26 | |
| 6855113551 | parasitism | one organism benefits at the expense of the other | 27 | |
| 6855113552 | pathogenic prokaryotes | cause illness by producing poisons | 28 | |
| 6855113553 | protist | eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi; most are unicellular, aquatic, use aerobic metabolism, and have mitochondria | 29 | |
| 6855113554 | three categories of protists | photosynthetic (plantlike) algae, ingestive (animal-like) protozoans, absorptive (fungus-like) organisms | 30 | |
| 6855113555 | How common are prokaryotes on earth? | The number of prokaryotes in a single handful is 10 times as many as the number of people who have ever lived. | 31 | |
| 6855113556 | How do bacterial cell walls differ from plant cell walls? | Plant cell walls contain cellulose or chitin, while bacterial cell walls contain peptidolycan. | 32 | |
| 6855113558 | How do bacteria reproduce? | Binary fission | 33 | |
| 6855113559 | What is the ecological significance of prokaryotes? | Chemical Recycling: decomposers. They unlock supplies of carbon, nitrogen and other elements. They also convert inorganic compounds into forms that can be taken up by other organisms. | 34 | |
| 6855113560 | How do fungi acquire nutrients? | Absorption: they digest their food while it is still in the environment by secreting powerful hydrolyric enzymes, called exoenzymes, into their surroundings, which break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their bodies and use | 35 | |
| 6855113562 | Fungal cell wall | contains chitin, a strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide. | 36 | |
| 6855113563 | How do fungi contribute to an ecosystem? | Fungi are primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth. Without these decomposers, many elements would become tied up in organic matter. Plants and the animals that eat them could not exist because elements taken from the soil would not be returned. Fungi also form symbiotic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals. All of these relationships have profound ecological effects. | 37 | |
| 6855113564 | Give some examples of how fungi are important to humans. | Decompose and recycle organic matter; productive agriculture; yeast and mushrooms; medical value | 38 | |
| 6855113565 | Hypha | A filament that collectively makes up the body of a fungus. | 39 | |
| 6855113567 | Chitin | A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 40 | |
| 6855113568 | Ingestion | A heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces. | 41 | |
| 6855113569 | Lichen | symbiotic associations of photosynthetic microorganisms embedded in a network of fungal hyphae | 42 | |
| 6855113570 | three characteristics of animals | multicellular, heterotrophs, and eukaryotes | 43 | |
| 6855113571 | radial symmetry | any cut through the central axis of the organism would produce mirror images ex. jellyfish |  | 44 |
| 6855113572 | bilateral symmetry | left side and right side ex. lobster |  | 45 |
| 6855113573 | cephalization | concentration of sensory equipment at one end of the organism (head) | 46 | |
| 6855113574 | acoelomate | has no cavity between its alimentary canal and the outer wall of its body ex. flatworm |  | 47 |
| 6855113575 | pseudocoelamate | triploblastic animal with a cavity formed from the mesoderm and endoderm ex. roundworm | 48 | |
| 6855113576 | coelomate | has a true coelom ex. earthworm |  | 49 |
| 6855113577 | functions of the body cavity | cushions suspended organs, hydrostatic skeleton, enables internal organs to grow and move indepently | 50 | |
| 6855113578 | cleavage in protostomes v. deuterostomes | protostome: spiral and determinate; deuterostome: radial and indeterminate | 51 | |
| 6855113579 | coelom formation in protostomes v. deuterostomes | protostome: forms from splits in the mesoderm; deuterostome: forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron | 52 | |
| 6855113580 | blastopore in protostomes v. deuterostomes | proto: forms the mouth; deutero: forms the anus | 53 | |
| 6858068712 | convergent evolution | the similarities, yet unrelatedness between slime molds and fungi can be attributed to | 54 | |
| 6858326120 | Bryophytes | early non vascular green plants like liverworts | 55 | |
| 6858363492 | Gametophyte | the gamete-producing,usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes |  | 56 |
| 6858385872 | Stomata | a tiny opening or pore that is used for gas exchange. They are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves | 57 | |
| 6858409803 | Xylem | main function is to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves (mesophyll) for photosynthesis | 58 | |
| 6858431609 | water potential | a decrease in Ψs causes a decrease in the total ___________ __________________.If more negative than pure water; this causes water to move from the soil into plant roots via osmosis. |  | 59 |
| 6858461112 | transpiration | loss of water from aerial parts of plants | 60 | |
| 6858473771 | phototropism | response to light, generally due to plant hormone auxin | 61 | |
| 6858569681 | ethylene | the phrase one bad apple ruins the bunch likely refers to this plant hormone that contributes to ripening (also why you put unripe fruit in paper bag, this builds up speeding up ripening) |  | 62 |
| 6858598514 | ingestion | this distinguishes heterotrophy in animals vs. fungi | 63 | |
| 6858607044 | sporophyte | most land plants are now dominated by the ___________________ stage | 64 | |
| 6858628064 | notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord | shared features of all vertebrates and tunicates |  | 65 |
